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23 GRAMMAR RULES YOU MUST

KNOW TO GUARANTEE YOUR

N THE TOEFL EXAM!

II I II I

TOEFL GRAMMAR GUIDE - 23

Grammar Rules You Must Know To

Guarantee Your Success On The

TOEFL Exam!

Timothy Dickeson

Why You Need To Read This Book

If you are about to take the TOEFL exam soon, then you must review your grammar, especially the principles that are most commonly used in the TOEFL. Did you know that your overall TOEFL score is weighed based on your grammar accuracy and use? If you look at the scoring criteria that the TOEFL evaluators use, you will see an element which covers at how well you use the different grammar principles and how accurate you use them. So, apart from learning how to develop high scoring answers in the writing and speaking sections and understanding the correct strategies for answering the reading and listening questions, you MUST correct your grammar to ensure you achieve a high score.

This book has been especially written to help you review. understand and correct the most common grammar rules used in the TOEFL exam. For each TOEFL grammar rule, you will learn:

• The fundamental use of the rule
• How to use it (with simple examples and explanations)
• When to use it
• Signalling words

• Important tips

So, If you are about to take the TOEFL exam soon, you MUST NOT FORGET to review your grammar, because it could mean the difference between achieving the score you need or not!

I or more Information about Tim’s TOEFL consulting services, or for more Information, contact Tim at: tim@toeflcoach.com

About The Author.........................................................................................

Tim Dickeson

Tim is a highly sought after TOEFL consultant due to his ability to “translate the complexities of the TOEFL into a simple language”. His simplified but highly effective approach to TOEFL preparation has proven time after time that his methods get results. Tim is Australian born and raised and has taught English and TOEFL in Australia, Europe and South America. He currently owns a TOEFL preparation company in South America and has consulted for universities and language institutions about how to correctly prepare people for the TOEFL iBT. He has a love of teaching and helping people achieve results and his number one objective with the TOEFL High Score System is to help as many people as possible pass the TOEFL so they can continue to pursue their dreams.

TOEFL Grammar Rule No.1 - Simple Present

Description: Simple present is a tense that is used to express an idea that occurs ‘usually’ or is repeated continuously. Some examples are daily events, a habit or something that often happens.

How to Use It: VERB + s/es (in the third person) For example > “She speaks English”, “I Jjke salad”, “They don’t like fish”

The Simple present is easy to conjugate with Regular verbs because they all finish in the same form. For example, the verb ‘to eat’:

Subject Conjugated Verb I Eat You Eat She/He Eats We Eat You (plural) Eat

However, Irregular verbs do NOT follow this pattern. For example, the verb ‘to be’:

Subject Conjugated Verb 1 Am You Are She/He Is We Are You (plural) Are They Are

When to Use It: Here are the 4 ways to use it

• Repeated actions > “I go to the gym on Monday and Thursday”
• Permanent states > “The Sun rises in the morning”"
• Scheduled events in the near future > “The plane leaves at 6am tomorrow”
• Now (non-continuous) > “I am here now”

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TOEFL Grammar Rule No.2 - Simple Past

Description: Simple past expresses an action that started and finished rtl a specific time in the past. The action must be (ompletely finished in the past. How to Use It: VERB + ed (regular verbs), or other forms for irregular verbs Below it is shown how the verb changes for a Regular verb and an Irregular verb: Regular verb (Simple Past) Positive Negative Question 1talked 1did not talk (^) Did 1talk? Irregular verb (Simple Past) Positive Negative (^) Question 1spoke 1did not speak Did 1speak?

When to Use It:

Here are the 5 ways to use it

• Completed action in the past > “Last year, she travelled to Japan”
• A series of completed actions > “We talked on the phone, then met for coffee and later went to the movies”
• Duration in the past > “They lived in Brazil for 5 years”
• Habits in the past > “I never played the piano”
• Past facts or generalisations > “I was a shy child”

Signalling Words: Yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday, etc

Important Tips: Words ending in “ed” are often pronounced incorrectly, simply because people aren’t aware of the rules.

Rule 1) All words that have the last consonant before “ed” as a “t” or ”d” must be pronounced with the “ed” as a separate syllable.

TOEFL Grammar Rule No.3 - Present Perfect

Description:

The present perfect has three man uses:

• To express an action which started at some point in the past and it is not finished yet.
• To describe actions that occurred in the past and their result is evident in the present. It expresses a process.
• To describe an action that occurred at an unspecified moment in the past.

How to Use It: Have/has + past participle of the main verb Time expressions, like; yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Australia, at the moment, that day, etc., are not used in the present perfect. Common time expressions for the present perfect are; ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, already, etc.

The Basic Structure

Affirmative Negative Question i hav§ been to I have never/not Have vou been to Spain been to Spain Spain? She has driven a car

She has never/not driven a car Has she driven a car?

When to Use It:

Here are the two forms of when to use the present perfect:

1. An unspecified time before now. For example: ‘I have seen that movie twenty times.’ ‘ People have not travelled to Mars.’
2. Duration from the past until now (non-continuous verbs) For example: ‘I have had a cold for two weeks.’ ‘Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.’

Signal Words:

Ever: Since you were born until right now.

lust: A few minutes ago. The action has completed recently.

12 | Pa g e.

TOEFL Grammar Rule No.4 - Subject-Verb Agreement

Subject-Verb Agreement

Description: Subject-verb agreement means there needs to be a balance between the subject and verb. For example, a singular subject must have a singular verb and a plural subject must have a plural verb.

Singular Plural I lie employee goes to work The employees go to work I he employee is goina to work The employees are going to work I he employee has gone to work The employees have gone to work I he employee went to work The employees went to work

How to Use It: To make sure you use the correct verb form with the subject, use the following steps:

1. Identify what the subject is
2. Decide if the subject is singular or plural
3. Identify which verb goes with the subject
4. Check that the verb form matches the subject

Let’s firstly look at the Subject within a sentence. Subjects The subject of a sentence is usually a noun or pronoun.

Singular and Plural Noun forms: The plural form for most nouns is made by adding -s or - es. However, some are irregular and don’t have these endings, for example; man > men.

Regular Nouns

Singular Plural Table Tables Car Cars Plant Plants

Irregular Nouns

Singular Plural Man Men Child Children Criterion Criteria

Verbs Knowing whether the verb is in its singular or plural form shows which form the subject must be in. The singular