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Adsorbent
a drug that inhibits GI absorption of drugs, toxins, or chemicals by attracting and holding them to its surface. TERM 2
Anticholinergic
DEFINITION 2 Blocking nerve impulse transmission through the parasympathetic nervous system: also called parasympatholytic. drug may be used for treatment of diarrhea or vomiting. TERM 3
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
(CRTZ)
DEFINITION 3 an area in the that activates the vomiting center when stimulated by toxic substances in the blood. TERM 4
Cholinergic
DEFINITION 4 activated by or transmitted through acetylcholine: also called parasympathomimetic. Drug increase activity i the GI tract. TERM 5
Dentifrice
DEFINITION 5 A preparation for cleansing teeth that is available in a powder, paste, or liquid.
Emesis
the act of vomiting TERM 7
Hematemesis
DEFINITION 7 vomiting of blood ( the vomitus often resembles coffee grounds). TERM 8
Melena
DEFINITION 8 Dark or black stools that result from blood staining. Bleeding has occurred in the anterior part of the GI tract. TERM 9
Motilin
DEFINITION 9 a hormone secreted by cells in the the duodenal mucosa that causes contraction of intestinal smooth muscle. TERM 10
Parietal Cell
DEFINITION 10 a cell located in the gastric mucosa that secretes hydrochloric acid.
Antiemetic
Stop vomitingPhenothiazine derivatives- block dopamine receptors in CRTZ and possible directly inhibit vomiting center used mostly in motion sickness, less effective against irritant emeticsDrug: Chlorpromazine adverse effects sedation, ataxia, and hypotension TERM 17
Procainamide
Derivative
DEFINITION 17 Drug: Metoclopramide- Red GlandBlocks dopamine receptor in CRTZ and increases gastric contraction, speed gastric emptying, & strengthens cardiac sphincter tone: limited influence on GI secretionsClinical uses: antiemetic and gastric motility disordersAdverse effects: Behavior disorders associated with CNS TERM 18
Antihistamines
DEFINITION 18 most effective with motion sickness or inner ear problemsdosage forms: Diphenhydramine (benadryl) TERM 19
Anticholinergics
DEFINITION 19 inhibit parasympathetic by blocking effects of acetylcholine and reduce Gi spasm, motility and secretionsDrug: Aminopentamide Hydrogen SulfateClinical Use: acute abdominal spasm and associated nausea, vomiting and diarrheaAdverse Effects: dry mm and urinary retention TERM 20
Serotonin Receptors Antagonists
DEFINITION 20 blockage of receptors on vagal nerve and in CRTZDosage forms: Ondansetron ( Zofran)- used mainly as antiemetic during chemotherapy
NK-1 Receptor Antagonists
block the binding of substance P in CRTZ ( involved in vomiting)Clinical Uses: prevention and tx of vomiting in dogs caused by motion sickness or otherDosage form: Maropitant citrate (cerenia)Adverse effects: diarrhea, bloody stool, anorexia, endotoxin shock, otits: painful inj TERM 22
Cimetidine
DEFINITION 22 competitively inhibits histamine at H2 receptors and must be given 3-4 times a dayclinical use: tx and prevention of gastric, abomasal, or duodenal ulcers; hypersecretory conditions of the stomach; esophagitis, gastric refluxadverse effects: may alter rate of metabolism of other drugs TERM 23
Famotidine
DEFINITION 23 same as other ulcer medication TERM 24
Proton Pump Inhibitor
DEFINITION 24 bind irreversibly at the secretory surface of parietal cells to enzyme -Na-K-ATPase. (enzyme responsible for pumping H ions into stomach); when bound to enzyme, cell can't secrete acid until a new enzyme is made.Dosage forms: omeprazole- Prilosec - this decreases acid production in the stomach. TERM 25
Antacids
DEFINITION 25 non absorbable salts of aluminum, calcium, or magnesium. Patients with renal failure to bind with phosphorous and reduce hyperphosphatemia.Dosage Forms:Aluminum/magnesium hydroxide (Maalox or Mylanta).Adverse effects: constipation or diarrhea
Gastrointestinal prokinetic/ stimulants
increase motility of part or parts of GI TERM 32
Dopaminergic Antagonist
DEFINITION 32 stimulate motillity or gastroesophageal sphincter, stomach, and small intestineClinical use: Gastroesphonhageal reflux and delayed gastric emptyingAdverse effect: behavioral changes TERM 33
Motilin-like drugs
DEFINITION 33 stimulate GI motility by mimicking effects of hormone motilinClinical use: increase lower esophageal sphincter pressure, acceleration gastric emptying, & facilitating Gi transit time TERM 34
Direct Cholinergics
DEFINITION 34 Clinical uses: postop ileus or retention of feces and equine colic TERM 35
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
DEFINITION 35 clinical use: tx rumen atony, gastric emptying, stimulate moltily,Dosage forms: Ranitidine- aslo anti-ulcer medication
Antibiotics
metronidazole; synthetic antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent TERM 37
Anti-inflammatory
DEFINITION 37 Clinical Uses: tx IBDdosage forms: prednisone TERM 38
Antifoaming Agent
DEFINITION 38 treat frothy bloat in ruminant - act as surfactants and cause bubbles to break down ( Ruminate Animals) TERM 39
Weight-Loss
DEFINITION 39 Dirlotapide, Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor that blocks the assembly and release of lipoprotein particles into blood streamin dogs TERM 40
Probiotics
DEFINITION 40 competitively inhibitenterophathogensclinical use: diarrhea, IBD, food allergy, and long-term antibiotic use
Detrusor
the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder that is mainly responsible for emptying the bladder during urination. TERM 47
Detrusor Areflexia
DEFINITION 47 the absence of detrusor contractions. TERM 48
Erythropoiesis
DEFINITION 48 the formation of erythrocytes. TERM 49
Erythropoietin
DEFINITION 49 a glycoprotein hormone secreted mainly by the kidney; it acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production. TERM 50
Hematuria
DEFINITION 50 Blood in the urine
Hypertension
Persistently high blood pressure TERM 52
Hypertonus
DEFINITION 52 the state characterized by an increased tonicity or tension. TERM 53
Hypokalemia
DEFINITION 53 abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood TERM 54
Lower Motor Neurons
DEFINITION 54 Peripheral neurons whose cell bodies lie in the central gray columns of the spinal cord and whose terminations lie in skeletal muscle. A sufficient number of lesions of lower motor neurons cause muscle supplied by the nerve to atrophy, resulting in weak reflexes and flaccid paralysis. TERM 55
Nephrology
DEFINITION 55 the study of the urinary (renal) system.
Urinary Incontinence
Lack of voluntary control over the normal excreted of urine. TERM 62
Urinary Tract Infection
DEFINITION 62 infection of the urinary tract. Infection may be lovalized or may affect the entire urinary tract. TERM 63
Nephron
DEFINITION 63 is the functional unit of the kidney regulates water and soluble matter in the body, Filters blood under pressure and then reabsorbs necessary fluid and molecules back into blood, while secreting other unneeded molecules TERM 64
Kidney
DEFINITION 64 excrete variety of waste products- urea, uric acid, and water its involved in acid base balance, regulation of electrolyte concentration, blood volume control & regulation of blood pressure. Communicate with other organs through hormones TERM 65
Diuretics
DEFINITION 65 Used to remoce excess extracellular fluid by increasing urine flow and NA excretion and reducing hypertension.Loop Diuretic and osmotic diuretics
Thiazides diuretics
reduce edema by Inhibiting reabsorption of Na Cl and water duration of action longer than loop diureticsAdverse effects- hypokalemia TERM 67
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
DEFINITION 67 Decreases the rate of carbonic acid and H production in the kidney, thereby promoting the excretion of solutes and increasing the rate of urinary. Also reduce intraocular pressure by reducing the production of aqueous humor TERM 68
Cholinergic Agonsts
DEFINITION 68 help avoid urinary bladder, increase tone of detrusor muscles and decreases bladder capacity.Dosage form: Bethanechol TERM 69
Anabolism
DEFINITION 69 the constructive phase of metabolism in which body cells repair and replace tissue. TERM 70
Analog
DEFINITION 70 a chemical compound having a structure similar to another but differing from it in some way.
Gonadotropin
a hormone that stimulates the ovaries or testes. TERM 77
Hypophyseal Portal System
DEFINITION 77 this is the portal system of the pituitary gland in which venules from the hypothalamus connect with capillaries of eh anterior pituitary. TERM 78
Involution
DEFINITION 78 the return of a reproductive organ to normal size after delivery. TERM 79
Levo Isomer
DEFINITION 79 Left-sided arrangement of a molecule that may exist in a left- or a right-sided configuration. Levo and dextro isomers have the same molecular formula. TERM 80
Myofibril
DEFINITION 80 a muscle fibril composed of numerous myofilaments.
Nitrogen Balance
the condition of the body as it relates to protein intake and use. Positive nitrogen balance implies a net gain in body protein. TERM 82
Primary Hypothyroidism
DEFINITION 82 Hypothyroidism resulting from a pathologic condition in the thyroid. TERM 83
Releasing Factor (Releasing
Hormone)
DEFINITION 83 a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary to stimulate the release of trophic hormones. TERM 84
Trophic Hormone
DEFINITION 84 a hormone that results in production of a second hormone in a target gland. TERM 85
Closed-Angle Glaucoma
DEFINITION 85 a type of primary glaucoma of the eye that is characterized by a shallow anterior chamber and a narrow angle that compromises filtration because the iris is blocking the angle and is causing and increase in intraocular pressure.
Uveitis
inflammation of the uvea.
