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UNLV BIO 189 Chapter 8 Test
With Correct Answers
Protein - ANSWER A macromolecule made up of repeating amino acids, which determine the shape and functions of a protein
Amino acids - ANSWER Building blocks of protein
How many amino acids are there? - ANSWER 20
Gene - ANSWER A sequence of DNA that contains the information to make at least one protein
gene expression - ANSWER The process of using DNA instructions to make proteins
Alleles - ANSWER alternative versions of a gene that have different nucleotide sequences
Transgenic - ANSWER An organism that has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome
regulatory sequence - ANSWER Part of the gene that determines timing, amount, and location of protein production
Coding Sequence - ANSWER Part of the gene that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein. This sequence determines the identity, shape, and function of a protein
genetic engineering - ANSWER Process of assembling new genes with novel combinations of regulatory and coding sequences
Recombinant gene - ANSWER A genetically engineered gene
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) - ANSWER An organism that hat has been genetically altered by humans
Gene therapy - ANSWER the process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder
Transcription - ANSWER The first stage of gene expression, during which cells produce molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) from the instructions encoded within genes in DNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - ANSWER The RNA copy of an original DNA sequence made during transcription
Translation - ANSWER Second stage of gene expression, during which mRNA sequences are used to assemble the corresponding amino acids to make a protein
RNA polymerase - ANSWER Enzyme that carries out transcription. Copies a strand of DNA into complementary strand of mRNA
Ribosome - ANSWER The cellular machinery that assembles proteins during translation
Codon - ANSWER A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid
Transfer RNA (tRNA) - ANSWER Type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation
Anticodon - ANSWER the part of a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon
Genetic code - ANSWER the set of rules relating particular mRNA codons to
function - ANSWER Allele
determine when and how much a protein gene makes - ANSWER Regulatory sequences
Determine the amino acid sequence of encoded proteins - ANSWER Coding sequences
___________ sequence controls the timing, location, and amount of gene expressed - ANSWER Regulatory
____________ sequences determine the sequence of amino acids in the protein - ANSWER Coding
What are the two main steps of gene expression? - ANSWER Transcription and translation
Process of converting genetic info into protein - ANSWER Gene expression
Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells - ANSWER Transcription
Occurs on ribosomes in cytoplasm - ANSWER Translation
In _____________ cells, the mRNA copy leaves the nucleus and enters the
_____________ where it binds to a ribosome - ANSWER Eukaryotic and cytoplasm
RNA polymerase copies a strand of DNA into a __________________ _________ __ _______ by "reading" the gene coding sequence - ANSWER Complementary strand of mRNA
Complementary mRNA - ANSWER Forms from a DNA template according to the rules of base pairing, except that in RNA, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U)
What specifies a particular amino acid - ANSWER Codon
Ribosome moves along he mRNA, "reading" it in groups of - ANSWER Three nucleotides called codons
tRNA carries an amino acid to the mRNA by using its ____________ to find a matching mRNA codon - ANSWER Anticodon
Completed amino acid chain detaches from the ribosome and - ANSWER Folds into its 3-D shape
People with too little or no functional antithrombin carry a high risk of developing what - ANSWER Blood clots
Is the antithrombin gene construct present in every cell or only mammary cells? Why? - ANSWER In every cell because it was introduced in the embryo
Is the antithrombin gene construct expressed in every cell or only mammary cells? Why? - ANSWER Only in mammary cells because its regulatory region is specific for expression in mammary cells
Producing a single transgenic founder animal requires implanting approximately ________________ embryos that contain the recombinant gene - ANSWER 100-
True or false: when antithrombin genes are expressed they produce antithrombin protein. - ANSWER True
Why are many drugs either proteins or drugs that interact with proteins? - ANSWER Proteins play a vital role within cells which allow cells to function
True or false: there is a greater risk of transmitting infections such as hepatitis when genetically modified animals are used to produce protein instead of using proteins from human donors - ANSWER False
True or false. Changing one amino acid may or may not change the shape of
the protein - ANSWER True
What could be possible if a single nucleotide in the regulatory sequence of DNA controlling transcription was changed? - ANSWER The protein controlled could be produced at a faster rate and could be produced in a different tissue
Which part of a gene is actually copied into mRNA? - ANSWER The coding sequence
True or false. All humans are genetically identical and therefore produce identical proteins. - ANSWER False
Translation is the process of using _______ to make ________ - ANSWER mRNA and proteins
What allows different cell types the ability to produce different proteins and therefore ha e different identities? - ANSWER Only certain cells are able to turn in regulatory sequence and express certain genes
