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(THORACIC, SCOLIOSIS, CERVICAL EXAM
the vertebral column forms the..... - SOLUTION central axis of the skeleton the vertebral column is centered in the ___________ plane - SOLUTION midsagittal the vertebral column is located in the _______trunk - SOLUTION posterior what are 3 functions of the vertebral column - SOLUTION 1. encloses & protects spinal cord
- supports trunk & skull
- provides muscle attachments the first compensatory curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - SOLUTION cervical curvature (concave) (lordotic) the first primary curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - SOLUTION thoracic curvature (convex) the second compensatory curve in the thoracic region is known as the... - SOLUTION lumbar curvature (concave) (lordotic) the second primary curve in the thoracic region is known as the.... - SOLUTION sacral curvature (convex) which curves form first, compensatory or primary - SOLUTION primary the first compensatory curve forms when infants.... - SOLUTION lift their heads
the second compensatory curve forms when infants... - SOLUTION start to walk definition of kyphosis - SOLUTION exaggerated thoracic curvature "humpback" kyphosis is increased... - SOLUTION convexity definition of lordosis - SOLUTION exaggerated lumbar curvature "swayback" lordosis is increased... - SOLUTION concavity definition of scoliosis - SOLUTION abnormal lateral curvatures scoliosis is commonly detected in __________ years - SOLUTION adolescent scoliosis is caused by.... - SOLUTION disease, surgery/trauma, idiopathic (unknown cause) if scoliosis is not detected & treated, it may progress to point of.... - SOLUTION debilitation what are 2 distinctive features of thoracic spine - SOLUTION - rib articulations (facets & demifacets)
- caudally pointed spinous processes T1-T10 have facets for _________ joints - SOLUTION costotransverse T11-T12 do not have facets for __________ joints - SOLUTION costotransverse T1-T4 resemble.... - SOLUTION cervical vertebrae
for an AP T-spine use a..... - SOLUTION compensating filter where is the CR at for AP T-spine - SOLUTION T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) what IR size & orientation is used for AP T-spine - SOLUTION 14x LW what is the breathing for every T-spine projection except for lateral - SOLUTION expiration what is the breathing for lateral T-spine - SOLUTION orthostatic breathing what is the kVp for T-spine projections - SOLUTION 80- where is the CR at for lateral T-spine - SOLUTION T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) if the spine is not parallel during lateral T-spine projections, use a ____________ angle - SOLUTION 10-15* cephalic what is the IR size & orientation for lateral T-spines - SOLUTION 14x17 LW for lateral T-spines, kVp may need to be ______ because of breathing technique - SOLUTION reduced during lateral T-spines, the shoulders may cover.... - SOLUTION T and T for AP/PA T-spine obliques, what is the patient rotation - SOLUTION 70*
where is the CR at for AP/PA T-spine obliques - SOLUTION T7 (3-4" below jugular notch) what is the IR size & orientation for AP/PA T-spine obliques - SOLUTION 14x17 LW where is the CR at for cervicothoracic lateral (swimmers) T-spine - SOLUTION T1 (1" above jugular notch) to separate the shoulders in a cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine projection, what kind of angle do you use - SOLUTION 3-5" caudal what is the IR size & orientation for cervicothoracic (swimmers) T-spine
- SOLUTION 10x12 LW what is the SID for all thoracic projections - SOLUTION 40" scoliosis radiography demonstrates.... - SOLUTION amount/degree of curvature that occurs w/ force of gravity acting on body scoliosis is also used to evaluate..... - SOLUTION fixation devices (such as Harrington rods) bending scoliosis studies are used to differentiate between.... - SOLUTION primary & compensatory curves is upright or recumbent preferred for scoliosis projections - SOLUTION upright what is the SID for scoliosis projections - SOLUTION 60" what is the IR size & orientation for scoliosis projections - SOLUTION 14x36 LW
hyperflexion & hyperextension scoliosis projections can either be done ________ or _______ - SOLUTION upright or recumbent size of C1-C7 progressively get ________ - SOLUTION larger C3-C6 are _______ cervical vertebrae - SOLUTION typical C7 has vertebrae prominens which have.... - SOLUTION extra long & more horizontal spinous processes (palpable) C1 is known as... - SOLUTION atlas C2 is known as.... - SOLUTION axis what are the 3 total foramina that run vertically through cervical vertebrae - SOLUTION - vertebral foramen
- 2 transverse foramina the 2 transverse foramina from the cervical vertebrae is a passage for... - SOLUTION vessels & nerves what are the bifid spinous tips on the cervical vertebrae - SOLUTION double pointed end to spinous process definition of overlapping vertebral bodies of cervical region - SOLUTION anterior end of vertebral body extends inferiorly definition of articular pillars on cervical vertebrae - SOLUTION short column of bone that is located between superior & inferior articular processes the articular pillars of the cervical vertebrae is thicker & more supportive than.... - SOLUTION similar area of bone in rest of spinal column
what is the articular pillar called when referring to C1 - SOLUTION lateral mass the cervical zygapophyseal joints are formed by... - SOLUTION articulation between superior & inferior articular processes the zygapophyseal joints between C2-C7 are located at..... - SOLUTION 90* from MSP (true lateral position) the zygapophyseal joint between C1-C2 are seen in a _______ projection - SOLUTION true AP (open mouth) a lateral cervical projection best demonstrates..... - SOLUTION zygapophyseal joints between C2-C AP open mouth cervical projection best demonstrates... - SOLUTION zygapophyseal joint between C1-C injury high in spinal cord can result in.... - SOLUTION serious paralysis and death the zygapophyseal cervical joints should appear perfectly... - SOLUTION symmetric what can cause the appearance of asymmetry in the cervical region - SOLUTION injury or rotation of skull cervical intervertebral foramina are formed by.... - SOLUTION inferior & superior borders of pedicles the demonstrate the cervical intervertebral foramina rotate the patient....
b/c C1 (atlas) doesnt have spinous processes, what are the 2 things that replace the spinous process - SOLUTION posterior arch & posterior tubercle superior facets of C1 (atlas) form articulation with... - SOLUTION occipital condyles of skull the articulation between the superior facets of C1 & occipital condyles of skull form the _____________ joint - SOLUTION atlantooccipital the transverse processes of C1 (atlas) are... - SOLUTION smaller the articular pillars of C1 are called lateral masses b/c they.... - SOLUTION support weight of head & assist in rotation C2 (axis) has a... - SOLUTION dens/odontoid process definition of dens/odontoid process - SOLUTION conical process that projects up from body of C2 & articulates with C the dens/odontoid process is held in place by the.... - SOLUTION transverse atlantal ligament of C rotation of the head primarily occurs between.... - SOLUTION C1-C what are the 4 positioning landmarks for cervical projections - SOLUTION - mastoid tip (1" below EAM) - C
- gonion (jaw angle) - C
- thyroid cartilage ("Adam's Apple") - C
- vertebra prominens (spinous process of C7) - T what does EAM stand for - SOLUTION external acoustic (auditory) meatus
what is the SID for the oblique & lateral cervical projections - SOLUTION 72" what is the SID for the AP cervical projections - SOLUTION 40" why is there a 72" SID for oblique & lateral cervical projections - SOLUTION to help compensate for increased OID what is the kVp range for the cervical projections - SOLUTION 70- what are the breathing instructions for all the cervical projections - SOLUTION expiration what are the 3 reasons erect cervical is preferred over supine - SOLUTION - demonstrates alignment & ligament stability
- demonstrates natural curve of spine
- helps to depress shoulders where is the CR at for AP open mouth cervical projections - SOLUTION through center of mouth for AP open mouth cervical projections, the upper incisors & base of skull should be... - SOLUTION superimposed AP open mouth cervical projections should be collimated down to a.... - SOLUTION 4x the dens is prone to fractures caused by... - SOLUTION whiplash rotation of skull during AP open mouth cervical projections can imitate.... - SOLUTION pathology (unequal spaces between lateral masses & dens) the zygapophyseal joint between C1-C2 is the __________ joint - SOLUTION atlantoaxial
anterior cervical oblique projections reluire a ______ CR angle - SOLUTION 15* caudal where is the CR at for both posterior & anterior oblique cervical projections - SOLUTION C4 (lower thyroid cartilage) posterior & anterior oblique cervical projections require a patient rotation of... - SOLUTION 45* why are anterior cervical obliques preferred over posterior - SOLUTION dose to thyroid & breasts is reduced by 10x where is the CR at for lateral cervical projections - SOLUTION C (lower thyroid cartilage) lateral cervical projections require the patients shoulders to be... - SOLUTION relaxes & dropped if C7 can't be seen in a lateral cervical projection, what projection should be done - SOLUTION swimmers trauma cervical lateral projections need to be done... - SOLUTION CTL lateral flexion & extension cervical projections are a _________ study - SOLUTION functional lateral flexion & extension cervical projections are useful in diagnosing ____________ & evaluating ____________ after spinal fusion surgery - SOLUTION whiplash injuries; spinal mobility where is the CR at for lateral flexion & extension cervical projections - SOLUTION C4 (lower thyroid cartilage) hypeflexion lateral cervical projections have the spinous processes..... - SOLUTION well separated
hyperextension lateral cervical projections have the spinous processes...
- SOLUTION in close proximity where is the CR at for the AP Fuchs Dens cervical method - SOLUTION inferior mandible the CR should be parallel to _______ in the AP Fuchs Dens cervical method - SOLUTION MML what does MML stand for - SOLUTION mentomeatal line the MML connects the ______ to ___________ - SOLUTION EAM to mentum (chin) where is the CR at for PA Judd Dens cervical method - SOLUTION level of mastoid processes the CR should be parallel to ______ in the PA Judd Dens cervical method - SOLUTION MML during the AP "Wagging Jaw" Ottonello cervical method, the mandible... - SOLUTION moves during exposure where is the CR at for the AP "Wagging Jaw" Ottonello cervical method
- SOLUTION C4 (lower thyroid cartilage) the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method requires the neck to be.... - SOLUTION hyperextended what is the CR angle for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - SOLUTION 20-30* caudal where is the CR at for the AP axial vertebral arch (Pillars) cervical method - SOLUTION lower margin of thyroid cartilage (C5)
