Theories of Human Development: Understanding Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and More, Slides of Psychology of Human Development

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CHAPTER 2

THEORIES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Learning Objectives

• What are the five basic issues in human

development?

• Where does each major theorist – Freud,

Erikson, Skinner, Bandura, Piaget, and Gottlieb – stand on each of these issues?

Other Assumptions About Human Nature

• Nature/Nurture : Heredity or environment most

influential?

• Goodness/Badness : Underlying good or evil

• Active/Passive Development: Self

determination or by others

• Continuity/Discontinuity : Stages or gradual

change

• Quantitative/Qualitative Changes: Degree or

transformation

• Universal or Context Specific Development

Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory

• Instincts and unconscious motivation

• Id , Ego , and Superego formed from psychic

energy ( Libido )

• Id: Instinctual nature of humans
• Ego: Rational and objective
• Superego: Internalized moral standards

• Dynamic system: Regular conflicts within

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

• Child moves through five stages

• Stages result from conflict between Id & Superego

• Conflict creates anxiety

• Ego defends against anxiety with defense

mechanisms

• Early experiences have long-term effects on

personality

Learning Objectives

• How does Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory

compare to Freud’s theory?

• What crisis characterizes each of Erikson’s

psychosocial stages?

Erik Erikson

• Most influential neo-Freudian

• Some differences with Freud

• Less emphasis on sexual urges
• More emphasis on rational ego
• More positive, adaptive view of human nature
• Development continues through adulthood

Learning Objectives

• What are the distinct features of the learning

theories covered in this chapter: Watson’s classical conditioning, Skinner’s operant conditioning, and Bandura’s social-cognitive theory?

• What are the strengths and weaknesses of

the learning theories?

Learning Theories: Classical Conditioning

• Behaviorism : Conclusions should be based

on observable behavior only

• Tabula Rasa - Environmental view

• Association Learning

• UCS : Built-in, unlearned stimulus
• UCR : Automatic, unlearned response
• CS : Stimulus causes learned response
• CR : Learned response

Learning Theories: Operant Conditioning

• Probability of behavior based on

environmental consequences

• Reinforcement

• Pleasant consequence

• Increases probability

• Punishment

• Decreases probability

• Unpleasant, aversive

• Possible consequences of whining behavior.
• Moosie comes into the TV room and sees his father talking and joking with his sister. Lulu,as the two watch a football game. Soon Moosie begins to whine, louder and louder, that he wants them to turn off the television so he can play Nintendo games. If you were Moosie’sfather, how would you react? Here are four possible consequences of Moosie’s behavior. Consider both the type of consequences and whether it is administered (“added to”) or withdrawn. Notice that reinforcers strengthen – whether it is a pleasant or aversive stimulus – whining behavior, or make it more likely in the future, whereas punishers weaken it.