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The Psychology of Women 7th Edition Test bank, Exams of Nursing

The Christ College of Nursing and Health SciencesNursing

The Psychology of Women 7th Edition Test bank 1. What is the best predictor of women's employment educational background 2. Understand what the Temporary Assistance For Needy Families (TANF) program is all about. Why does your test say TNF has had tragic consequences for many women -aid to families with dependent children -provides welfare payments for children whose parents could not supply economic support -lifetime maximum of 5 years Negatives: -women are discouraged from pursuing higher education -children have more cognitive and behavioral problems 3. Define Access Discrimination - refers to discrimination used in hiring

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/15/2025

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The Psychology of Women 7th Edition Test bank
1. What is the best predictor of women's employment
educational background
2. Understand what the Temporary Assistance For Needy Families (TANF) program is all about.
Why does your test say TNF has had tragic consequences for many women
-aid to families with dependent children
-provides welfare payments for children whose parents could not supply economic support
-lifetime maximum of 5 years
Negatives:
-women are discouraged from pursuing higher education
-children have more cognitive and behavioral problems
3. Define Access Discrimination -
refers to discrimination used in hiring
4. What are some factors affecting whether women see access discrimination:
1. employers who have strong gender stereotypes are more likely to demonstrate access
discrimination
2. Access discrimination is particularly likely to operate when applicants’ qualifications are
ambiguous
3. Employers often discriminate against women candidates who are assertive rather than
feminine
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The Psychology of Women 7th Edition Test bank

  1. What is the best predictor of women's employment educational background
  2. Understand what the Temporary Assistance For Needy Families (TANF) program is all about. Why does your test say TNF has had tragic consequences for many women
  • aid to families with dependent children
  • provides welfare payments for children whose parents could not supply economic support
  • lifetime maximum of 5 years Negatives:
  • women are discouraged from pursuing higher education
  • children have more cognitive and behavioral problems
  1. Define Access Discrimination - refers to discrimination used in hiring
  2. What are some factors affecting whether women see access discrimination:
  3. employers who have strong gender stereotypes are more likely to demonstrate access discrimination
  4. Access discrimination is particularly likely to operate when applicants’ qualifications are ambiguous
  5. Employers often discriminate against women candidates who are assertive rather than feminine
  1. Access discrimination is particularly likely to operate when women apply for prestigious positions
  2. Access discrimination often operates for both women and men when they apply for "gender inappropriate" jobs
  3. What are some of the employer stereotypes that may operate when women apply for a job:
  4. Employers may have negative stereotypes about women's abilities
  5. Employers assume that the candidate must have certain stereo typically masculine characteristics to succeed on the job
  6. Employers may pay attention to inappropriate characteristics when female candidates are being interviewed
  7. Define affirmative action - designed to reduces access discriminatioin... Any company with over 50 employees must establish an affirmative action plan Means that employers must make special efforts to consider qualified members of underrepresented groups during hiring, choosing salaries, and promotions
  8. With regard to salary discrimination for women in the workplace compared to men: a. Women earn what compared to men - 77% of what men earn
  9. With regard to salary discrimination for women in the workplace compared to men: b. What is the effect of more education for women and the salary differences -
  1. What does some research suggest about why women aren't angry about their own salaries Women specify lower salaries: denial of personal disadvantage reluctant to acknowledge that they are the victims of discrimination
  2. Explain the Glass Ceiling metaphor in relation to women and promotions - invisible but rigid barrior preventing women and people of color from reaching the top
  3. Explain the Labyrinth metaphor in relation to women and promotions - women in search of promotion will encounter many differences along the way.. must be extremely competent and develop flexible strategies that also blend in compassion
  4. Explain the metaphor of the Sticky Floor - describes the situation of women who are stuck in dead end jobs with no chance of promotion
  5. Explain the metaphor of the Glass Escalator - phenomenon applies to men who enter "women" jobs and quickly rise to the top...Peter's colleague in nursing school
  6. Define heterosexism - belief that devalues lesbians, gay males, and bisexuals
  1. Understand the issues facing lesbian, gays, and bisexuals in the workplace especially as it relates to these issues: a. Discrimination against hiring - employers refuse to hire individuals if they are known to be gay; Lesbians are especially likely to experience workplace discrimination;
  2. Understand the issues facing lesbian, gays, and bisexuals in the workplace especially as it relates to these issues: b. Legality of firing - they may be fired because of their sexual orientation
  3. Understand the issues facing lesbian, gays, and bisexuals in the workplace especially as it relates to these issues: c. Self-esteem - research suggests that peoplewho are open and accepting for their gay identity are higher in self-esteem. They may feel that they need to hide their sexual orientation
  4. Understand the issues facing lesbian, gays, and bisexuals in the workplace especially as it relates to these issues: d. Salaries of lesbians compared to heterosexuals - Lesbians often earn higher salaries than other women, partly because they are more likely to have a bachelor's degree.
  5. Why does some research suggest it is actually in the best interest of organizations to become more diversified a company's sales may increase if their workplace diversity resembles the diversity in the real world outside that company

men may treat women in a patronizing fashion, competence, confidence, and assertiveness may cause you to receive negative reactions from coworkers

  1. When women are in high prestigious professions, what does research suggest about the climate women may find: d. Attitudes from male colleagues - receive messages that they are not really equal to their male colleagues, sexist attitudes, treatment discrimination

  2. When women are in high prestigious professions, what does research suggest about the climate women may find: e. Nominations for awards - seldom nominated for prestigious awards

  3. In heterosexual households where both partners are employed outside of the home, what is the division of household tasks men: household repairs and paying bills (30% to 40% of all household chores) women: cooking, cleaning, laundry, shopping, dishwashing

  4. What does research show about the effect of a married woman's employment with regard to: a. Marital satisfaction -

  • marriages are more stable if the women is employed
  • related to other workload-related factors(women are usually happier if the husband performs a relatively large percentage of the household tasks)
  1. What does research show about the effect of a married woman's employment with regard to: b. Marital stability -
  • there is no correlation between an increase in a woman's salary and a couple's likelihood of divorce
  1. In review of the research on employed mothers, what is the role of mothers and fathers in childcare
  • mothers perform most of t he child care (are in charge of tasks such as diapering and discipline)
  • fathers tend to spend their child care time playing with their children 2 6. What does the overall research suggest about the impact of mother's employment on her children when low-income homes have high quality day care, the children score higher on cognitive tasks, compared to hcildren cared for at home.
  • children who spend more time in daycare interact slightly more negatively with their playmates
  • most infants who spend time in a day-care have the same kind of emotional closeness to their mothers as do children whose mothers do not work outside the home
  • the only exception is children who have poor-quality day care and whose mothers are not sensitive to their needs
  1. What does the research show about women's employment and physical health healthier than non-employed women
  2. What does the research show about women's employment and their mental health
  • depends upon their job satisfaction

Gender Learning

  • 6 months: female vs. male voices
  • 9 - 11 months: female vs. male faces
  • Researched using the habituation paradigm. Habituation Paradigm An infant is shown the same stimulus repeated and habituates or gets used to it. Childhood Gender learning:
  • Self gender identity (2 yrs)
  • Other gender identity (3 yrs)
  • Male/ Female occupation (6 yrs) Childhood: Gender Learning Gender Self- Socialization Model: children's gender identification makes them want to adopt gender stereotyped behaviors.
  • Stereotype Emulation: the more the child identifies with their gender, the more they view themselves as having qualities consistent with gender stereotypes.
  • Identity Construction: the more the child engages in gender-stereotyped behaviors, the more identified with their gender they become. Children also learn about gender discrimination.

Childhood: Gender Differences Toy and game preference (~ age 2-3)

  • Gender-typed toys
  • Same-gender playmates Aggressive behavior (~age 2) Childhood: Socialization Process by which society conveys to the individual its expectations for his or her behavior, values, and beliefs.
  • In family
  • In school
  • In media Gender Socialization in Family Parents are a major source of socialization.
  • Channeling (Shaping)
  • Direct Instruction
  • Differential Treatment
  • Modeling Parents talk and play differently with sons and daughters. Researchers on gender socialization in the family has been conducted almost exclusively on white, middle class families. Channeling (Shaping)
  • Bygrades 3-5, black girls get less attention than black boys.
  • Possible explanation: black girls are socialized to be assertive at home, however eventually socialized to be more passive.
  • Gender saliences Gender Socialization in Media
  • Media is a powerful socializing agent.
  • Toy commercials: almost all are gender segregated.
  • Even "nonsexist" children's books portray females has having feminine characteristics. Video Games:
  • Female characters are secularized.
  • Patterns of extreme gender stereotyping. Peers and Gender Segregation Effect By age 3 children tend to:
  • seek out play with same gender peers
  • avoid playing with opposite gender peers All female and all-male groups differ in terms of play. Gender differences between groups creates an "us" vs. "them". In some cultures (e.g. Afghanistan under Taliban rule), gender differences remain large and striking into adulthood. As men and women come together, they pursue common goals and their behavior becomes more similar. Eleanor Maccoby

Book- The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together (1998), concluded that gendered patterns of behavior are not solely the result of socialization by forces such as parents and the media. ^^^^^^ The Sexualization of Girls Sexualization: when a person is only valued for sex appeal, is sexually objectified, or when sexuality is inappropriately imposed on the person.

  • Examples: child beauty pageants, Bratz dolls, Barbie dolls Concerns: reduced self-esteem, reduced cognitive performance, lowered career aspirations. Tomboys
  • Two-thirds of girls were tomboys in childhood. Aka, they are engaging in active play.
  • A study found that tomboy behavior started on average at age 5 and stopped around age 12.
  • This is significant because that age (12), marks the transition adolescence and a new set of gender pressures. Counteracting Sexualization (APA) Media Literacy Training Programs- recognize sexualization. Girls can empower themselves by engaging in activism and resistance.
  • Campaign against companies that use sexualized images to sell products. Adolescence read below

Adolescence: Weight & Body Image Weight and Body Image

  • Adolescent girls have more negative body esteem than adolescent boys.
  • Weight dissatisfaction begins in late elementary school.
  • Weight dissatisfaction is so common that it is "normative discontent".
  • Impacted by media.
  • Often leads to unhealthy dieting or even cosmetic surgery.
  • Black adolescent girls are more likely to be proud of their bodies (60%) than white (38%), Hispanic (45%), and Asian American (50%) girls.
  • "Fat talk" between girls reflects and creates body dissatisfaction. Adolescence: Transgressions- Athletics Athletics
  • Title IX of the Civil Rights Act (1972): made it illegal to exclude people from education programs (including athletics) on the basis of sex.
  • AS of 2001, 1/3 of High School athletes in the US were girls. Adolescence: Identity Development Identity Development
  • Adolescent girls develop an interpersonal and autonomous identity.
  • Adolescent boys identity development focuses on an autonomous identity.
  • Women vary Emerging Adulthood
  • Late teens through early twenties.
  • "true adulthood" used to be either high school or college graduation. Not the case anymore.
  • Marriage delayed until mid-to-late twenties.
  • Emerging adult years are self-focused. Emerging Adulthood: Heterosexual Marriage
  • Average age of marriage: 25 for women, 27 for men.
  • Marriage has different consequences for men and women.
  • Quality of relationship is important to health. Emerging Adulthood: Same- Sex Marriage Emerging Adulthood:Pregnancy & Childbirth
  • Women are delaying motherhood Average age 24
  • Contextual factors impacting women's psychological state during pregnancy: Did she want to be pregnant? Can she afford to have a child? Can she afford adequate nutritional food for herself? Does she have a supportive partner? Emerging Adulthood: Motherhood
  • Parenthood is generally associated with greater psychological distress.
  • Motherhood mandate: the cultural belief that all women should have children (i.e. be mothers).
  • Most women gain satisfaction from motherhood.
  • Better health and higher income.
  • Displayed confidence, involvement, security, and depth.
  • Only 10% of women experience a decrease in quality of life.
  • Conclusion: some women may experience empty nest syndrome, but are NOT THE MAJORITY. Old Age: Double Standard of Aging Men's status increases but women's decreases.
  • Older men: distinguished and handsome.
  • Older women: youthful beauty is lost. Old Age: Physical Health Women live longer but have more chronic diseases. Old Age: Gender Ratios More lopsided with advancing age.
  • Ages 60-69: 115 women alive for every 100 men
  • Ages 80-89: 180 women alive fro every 100 men
  • 90 +: 294 women for every 100 men Old Age: Widowhood
  • Women are far more likely to be widowed than men. Women have lone life expectancies. Women tend to marry older men.
  • Opportunities to remarry are limited.
  • Financial restrain on widows can be severe.
  • Women cope better than men in response to the death of a spouse.