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Safety Rules and Design Principles for Press Operations and Graphic Design - Prof. Eric M., Study notes of Typography

The 4 most important safety rules when operating a press and discusses various design principles for effective visual communication. It covers topics such as safety rules for press operation, typographic design, and prepress tools. It also provides information on creating responsible digital files for printing.

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 11/14/2011

klasier
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1. What is the GC Mission Statement?
a. To develop dedicated, practical problem solving people for the printing, publishing, imaging,
packaging and allied industries.
2. What is the “end product” of this class?
a. The students
3. Lab safety
a. What are the 4 most important safety rules when you are on the press?
i. Nothing on top of the press.
ii. Never take a rag to a moving press.
iii. Always know where your partner’s hands are.
iv. No cell phones on your person working on the press.
b. Appropriate dress and conduct in the pressroom?
i.
c. The most dangerous time for the press operator?
i. During plate mounting
4. Principles of Design
a. Contrast
i. Provides emphasis and “catches the eye”
ii. Directs the movement of the eye
iii. What creates contrast: Color, size, shape, texture etc.
b. Rhythm
i. Visual elements flow in a natural pattern
ii. Sometimes based upon the target culture
c. Proportion
i. Appropriate size relationships between visual elements
d. Unity
i. The inclusion and/or placement of visual elements so that they don’t clash with one
another or the overall tone, theme, or message
ii. All visual elements should support each other
e. Balance
i. Provides emphasis and “catches the eye”
ii. Employs the use of distribution of visual elements within a layout to create a pleasing
effect
1. Formal
2. Informal – relies on conceptual balance
f. Typographic design (handout)
i. What is the difference between a “font” and a “typeface”?
1. Font
2. Typeface
ii. Identify Common design mistakes
1.
iii. how is the choice of a typeface important?
1. The way something is presented defines how we react to it
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  1. What is the GC Mission Statement? a. To develop dedicated, practical problem solving people for the printing, publishing, imaging, packaging and allied industries.
  2. What is the “end product” of this class? a. The students
  3. Lab safety a. What are the 4 most important safety rules when you are on the press? i. Nothing on top of the press. ii. Never take a rag to a moving press. iii. Always know where your partner’s hands are. iv. No cell phones on your person working on the press. b. Appropriate dress and conduct in the pressroom? i. c. The most dangerous time for the press operator? i. During plate mounting
  4. Principles of Design a. Contrast i. Provides emphasis and “catches the eye” ii. Directs the movement of the eye iii. What creates contrast: Color, size, shape, texture etc. b. Rhythm i. Visual elements flow in a natural pattern ii. Sometimes based upon the target culture c. Proportion i. Appropriate size relationships between visual elements d. Unity i. The inclusion and/or placement of visual elements so that they don’t clash with one another or the overall tone, theme, or message ii. All visual elements should support each other e. Balance i. Provides emphasis and “catches the eye” ii. Employs the use of distribution of visual elements within a layout to create a pleasing effect
  5. Formal
  6. Informal – relies on conceptual balance f. Typographic design (handout) i. What is the difference between a “font” and a “typeface”? 1. Font 2. Typeface ii. Identify Common design mistakes

iii. how is the choice of a typeface important?

  1. The way something is presented defines how we react to it
  1. layout and Prepress tools a. What are they and what purpose do they serve? i. Margins, bleeds, column guides, grids 1. Create spatial consistency, adds subconscious order b. Layout plan

i. Thumbnail:

1. Small, very quick idea sketches

2. Generally pencil on plain white paper (fastest route

from the brain)

3. Basic Communication of ideas

4. Never on computer!

5. The more the better!

6. Not much detail

ii. Mechanicals:

1.Computer-generated design

2. All copyfitting complete

3. Print Marks and Bleeds

4. Photos FPO

5.Measurements correct

6.(Don’t print separations!)

7.Critiques/Markups

c. Risky Design Choices i. What is important to look for when creating a text wrap?

  1. Don’t make the sentences break up over an image or makes the reading flow not easy to follow ii. Know the risks involved with bleed allowance, transparencies, crossovers, reverses, large solids, gamut
  2. Bleed- .125 in a. One edge bleeds are often interpreted as a mistake
  3. Large solids- a. Use rich black to bolster color of solids when they are used in 2- and 4- color printing b. Too much ink coverage causes difficulties in maintaining consistency, mechanical ghosting, etc
  4. Gamut a. CMYK, CMYKOG, Pantone—not all have identical palettes b. Gradients have problems with banding caused by limitations of the printing process
  5. Crossovers a. Difficult to line up images, lines, colors when they run across signatures
  6. Transparencies a. difficult to RIP and sometimes difficult to print
  1. Converting to 'outlines' a. For display text b. NOT for body text i. Stroke problems vi. Destructive vs non-destructive image editing
  2. Tonal correction, white balance, and color interpretation are non destructive RAW vs tonal correction, white balance, and color interpretation are left to be done in Photoshop. This is destructive to the image JPEG. vii. What tools can be used to preflight files?
  3. Manual checklists, InDesign profiles, Acrobat, profiles, EnFocus Pitstops, Built-In workflow tools viii. How do we automate the preflighting process?
  4. Batch Processing
  5. Droplets
  6. Workflow software
  7. Remote/soft proofing
  8. Hot Folders
  9. Web-to-Print technologies ix. How do we manually preflight files?
  10. Separation Preview
  11. Ink Manager
  12. Advanced Object/Type Touchup Tools x. Why are some preflight points designed to indicate “risky design choices”?
  13. So that there are no problems when it comes to printing and all problems that could come up will be found early
  14. Offset press basics a. Basic concept of litho i. Image carrier- design is drawn with greasy crayon or ink on a flat limestone slab to which the crayon adheres ii. Dampening- stone is moistened with water which is absorbed by parts of the stone not covered by grease iii. Inking- using a roller, greasy ink is applied to the stone- ink adheres only to the drawing and is repelled by the wet parts of the stone iv. Impression- print is made by pressing paper against eh inked stone drawing v. Drying- paper and ink are allowed to dry b. Offset litho markets i. Commercial printing
  15. Direct Direct Mail, Announcements, Brochures, Posters, Booklets, Stationery, Business Forms, Books, Magazines, Business Forms ii. Quick printing
  16. Brochures, Business Cards, Forms, Envelopes, Pads, Runs of 5,000 or less iii. Advertising & Promotional
  17. Catalogs, Directories, Legals & Financials (Annual Reports) iv. Package Printing
  18. Labels, Cartons, Boxes, Paperboard

c. Press tech trends i. Integrated computer workflow

  1. Hybrid capabilities
  2. Mixing processes: digital, flexo, rotary screen, etc. ii. Increased inking capability
  3. Auto ink dispensing and ink zoning
  4. Larger form rollers a. Prevent ghosting and roller starvation b. Anilox fountain roller (engraved) iii. Improved automation and controls
  5. Cleaning, loading, temperature controls
  6. Closed-loop color d. If you…., then your image will print straight and centered on the sheet i. register e. Process control: i. 7 items to check
  7. Is it straight to the lead edge of the press sheet?
  8. Is it printing in the same place lead to tail?
  9. Is it printing in the same place left to right?
  10. Is it printing in the right place lead to tail?
  11. Is it printing in the right place left to right?
  12. Is the impression set correctly?
  13. Are the ink and water balanced? ii. cylinder marks
  14. Advantages: a. Before, during, and after – ensures consistency b. After first cut- first cut, register corner, guide corner (the cylinder marks) should be located in the back left corner. c. Side to side: Ensures that you’re printing in the right place, and same place d. You must know the press sheet size in order to place the cylinder marks accurately. e. Three ways to add cylinder marks i. imposition software or page layout software ii. manually mask a scribed piece of film iii. scratch the plate (2 problems with this: could hurt the blanket; a burr can slit the blanket or rollers, iii. register vs fit; backup
  15. register- positioning of the sheet relative to the image on the blanket a. helps determine same place b. “Register is the overall agreement in the position and alignment of printing details on a press sheet.” c. Also, “The proper positioning of the sheet with respect to the image on the blanket.” d. Once square, the plate image can be moved by the operator “on the fly” both circumfrencially & laterally.
  16. fit- juxtaposition of all image elements in the printing area without regard to the sheet margin a. colors lining up with each other in the right place on the sheet b. the ability of film to be registered during stripping and assembly i. good fit means that all images register to other film for the same job

b. ductor stroke good

i. lower setting=larger stroke

ii. faster setting=smaller stroke

c. check with densitometer

3.Dampening:

a. look for scumming

b. streaking ink on paper if too much

c. don’t want Chemical ghosting/blinding on plate

d. want to use enough to clear plate

f. Difference between a press and duplicator i. Format (Size) ii. Others that are more specific—

  1. Accuracy of the controls a. Pull guides “Side guide” i. Centers paper before printing b. Impression c. Head stops d. More control over angling and moving plates
  2. of rollers

    a. There are many more rollers in a press than a duplicator i. Recharging ii. More contact points iii. Milling (& chilling) iv. Thixotropy
  3. the longer the fluid undergoes sheer stress, the lower its viscosity b. A large press typically has 4 form rollers where a duplicator has 2 c. More options in the dampening system…
  4. Feed pile a. Air blast at tail of sheet b. Stream feeding c. Registration accuracy
  5. Complexity of the dampening system
  6. Speed
  7. Perfecting a. Printing on both sides of the sheet with one pass through press g. Press configuration

i. Web vs sheetfed ii. MOZ diagram

iii. Fountain roller, form rollers (ink, dampening), doctor roller h. Press feedings and registration i. Stream fed vs successive fed

  1. Stream- layered sheets
  2. Successive- one at a time staggered ii. Purpose of the “side (pull) guide”
  3. Centers paper before printing iii. Three point registration
  4. Ensures that double sided prints will be properly registered from front to back and that the registration in the off press processing machines will be consistent as well
  1. Parts:
  2. Benefits: a. Extremely cost effective, even for short runs b. Startup waste cut by up to 90% c. Up to 25% capacity increase d. Use of commercially available plates and inks e. Highest printing quality f. Shortest make-ready times vii. Ink and water balance
  3. How much ink, dampening is required? a. Enough to clean the plate but not too much water so you can avoid slinging
  4. What makes water wetter? a. Alcohol and substitutes
  5. Conductivity of fountain solution. a. What does it indicate? i. Conductivity
  6. 1500 over water +/- 100 in our lab, carries the electrical charge b. How is it measured? i. Micromhos- measure flow of electricity or conductivity l. Delivery Types: i. Vacuum breaks ii. Anti-set-off powder m. Clean up
  1. Digital images and photoshop techniques for print (pg 286-297) a. Software- types of applications and their purposes: whats the correct tool for the job? b. Raster vs vector i. Raster- in bits broken up ii. Vector- straight lines c. Special effects- techniques and reasons for usage d. Duotones (types, curves, purpose, terminology) i. Grayscale image printed with two printing inks instaed of one ii. Enhance original detail, create a mood e. Double-Dot halftone i. What is it? 1. Black on black, black on gray, black on brown ii. How is it produced?
  2. 2 hits of black will increase the range of the photo iii. What would the curves look like? f. Ghost halftone i. Maximum shadow value 1. 40% ii. Tone curve
  3. Add detail to important portions of image g. HDR i. What is a suitable image to photograph using HDR techniques? Why? 1. Outside images are great images to use to get every color. 2. Use it in areas that have a wide range of colors and shadows and bright and dark areas
  4. What to know about Photoshop? a. Layer masks (what do they represent?) i. Black- areas we don’t want to show ii. White- areas are visible iii. Gray- levels of transparency b. Layer adjustments, destructive or non-destructive? i. Non-destructive image editing ii. Using ADJUSTMENT LAYERS, adjust levels (image>adjust>levels) to maximize the image. iii. Using ADJUSTMENT LAYERS, eliminate color casts. c. Channels i. Different color channels (RGB=3), (CMYK=4) d. Info palette i. What can it tell you? 1. display information like,color values, cursor position, selection or transformation or selection width & height e. Curves

i. If grayscale were printed with a 1.6 solid ink density, what percentage tint would produce a .30 density reading?

  1. 50% reflectance f. Dot shapes and frequency (lpi) i. Conventional (AM)
  2. Adv:
  3. Disadv: large easy to moire ii. Stochastic (FM)
  4. Adv: a. Better reproduction of details b. No screen angles= no moire or rosettes
  5. Disadv: a. Tinted areas and soft tonal transitions can appear blotchy iii. Hybrid (XM)
  6. Adv: a. Reproduce fine detail b. Depict middletones without patchiness
  7. Disadv: g. What is dot gain? i. Measurement of the change in size of the halftone dot from film to print h. how are digital halftones rendered? i. Halftone DOTS are made of SPOTS, SPOTS are grouped in cells, DOTS are assigned a frequency (LPI), angle 45 degrees, shape (round, square, line, ellipse) i. determining gray levels at a specific resolution/ lpi i. gray levels= (output resolution/ lpi)^2 + 1 j. causes of moire i. when scanning, old halftones interfere with new halftone screens ii. patterns in image coincide with those of the screen iii. wrong screen angles k. why do we print with dots? i. Process limitations
  8. Offset presses print a uniform ink film thickness ii. Simulation of densities
  9. Relation of the original to the reproduction
  10. Dots of various sizes simulate the various ct densities (gray levels) of the original
  11. deception