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Essential Psychopharmacology: Neurotransmission and Signal Transduction, Exams of Nursing

University of WalesNursing

An overview of essential concepts in psychopharmacology, focusing on chemical neurotransmission. It covers anatomical, chemical, and electrical aspects of neurotransmission, including neuron structures, synapse types, and key neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. The document also explains excitation-secretion coupling, retrograde neurotransmission, and the role of ion channels. Furthermore, it delves into signal transduction cascades, highlighting the functions of kinases and phosphatases in modifying proteins and gene expression. This material is useful for students studying neuroscience, pharmacology, and related fields, offering a concise yet informative summary of complex processes in the brain. It also includes questions about dopamine volume neurotransmission and autoreceptors, enhancing its educational value. A valuable resource for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of psychopharmacology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/10/2025

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NurseTakshif šŸ‡¬šŸ‡§

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Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology
1. largely the story of chemical neurotransmission: Modern psychopharmacol-
ogy is
2. Anatomically, chemically, and electrically: neurotransmission can be de-
scribed as
3. Neurons (nerve cells): Anatomical neurotransmission occurs through
4. axoaxonic synapse: synapse between axon of one neuron and axon of another
neuron
5. axodendritic synapse: between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of
others
6. axosomatic synapse: axon terminal ends on cell body (soma)
7. axoaxonic, axodendritic, axosomatic synapses: Axoaxonic- The strongest
signal. "The brakes" axon connecting to another axon. They can increase or de-
crease the effect of axodendritic signals by opening and closing Ca2+ channels.
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Partial preview of the text

Download Essential Psychopharmacology: Neurotransmission and Signal Transduction and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology

  1. largely the story of chemical neurotransmission: Modern psychopharmacol- ogy is
  2. Anatomically, chemically, and electrically: neurotransmission can be de- scribed as
  3. Neurons (nerve cells): Anatomical neurotransmission occurs through
  4. axoaxonic synapse: synapse between axon of one neuron and axon of another neuron
  5. axodendritic synapse: between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of others
  6. axosomatic synapse: axon terminal ends on cell body (soma)
  7. axoaxonic, axodendritic, axosomatic synapses: Axoaxonic- The strongest signal. "The brakes" axon connecting to another axon. They can increase or de- crease the effect of axodendritic signals by opening and closing Ca2+ channels.

Axodendritic- Most common but also the weakest. Axon connecting to the dendrite of another cell.

Axosomatic- axon of one cell connecting to the soma of another. Axosomatic is not selective in inhibition, it will block a signal from all dendrites on the cell where as axodendritic will only block the effects from one synapse.

  1. neuron malfunction: behavioral symptoms may occur
  2. when drugs alter the neuronal function: behavioral symptoms may be relieved, worsen, or be produced
  3. en passant synapse: axon stimulates a synapse secondarily on its way to another neuron
  4. Serotonin (5HT), Norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA (y-aminobutyric acid): Six key neurotransmitter systems
  5. B-endorphin: a neurotransmitter that serves as a natural painkiller
  6. Anandamide: endogenous cannabinoid
  1. Excitation-secretion coupling: process by which electrical impulse is convert- ed to chemical signal at the synapse. this is how the neuron transduces an electrical stimulus into a chemical message. Na and Ca voltage sensitive gated channels.
  2. voltage-sensitive sodium channels (VSSCs) and voltage-sensitive calcium channgels (VSCCs): electrical impulses open ion channels
  3. ion channels: A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion (na+, ca+) to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient.
  4. Sodium flows into the presynaptic nerve through the sodium channel in the axon membrane,: the electrical change of the action potential moves along the axon until it reaches the presynaptic nerve terminal and opens the calcium channel allowing the synaptic vesicles anchored to the inner membrane to spill their chemical contents into the synapse
  5. retrograde neurotransmission is: the second neuron synapse back to the first synapse

hen diffusesphosphate

euron, thenB

orted to the^ euron and

  1. postsynaptic neuron to presynaptic neuron is: retrograde neurotransmission
  2. Examples of retrograde neurotransmitters are: endocannabinoids (EC), ni- tric oxide (NO), and nerve growth factor (NGF)
  3. volume neurotransmission =: neurotransmission without a synapse. chemical messengers spill over to the sites distant to the synapse by diffusion.
  4. nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized in the: postsynaptic neuron, t to the presynaptic membrane to interact with cyclic guanosine mono (cGMP) sensitive targets
  5. Endogenous marijuana is synthesized in the: postsynaptic n released to diffuse to the presynaptic cannabinoid receptor such as C
  6. nerve growth factor (NGF) is released from the: postsynaptic n diffuses to the presynaptic neuron, taken up into vesicles and transp cell nucleus to interact with the genome

ns are: tance when situat- oreceptor on

  1. volume transmission to autoreceptors on Monoamine neuro ed on the same neuron causing inhibition of the transmission, for ins dopamine diffuses out of the prefrontal cortex and stimulates the aut the same neuron, thereby inhibiting dopaminergic transmission
  2. Where are autoreceptors located?: on the somatodendritic end of the neuron and inhibit the release of the neurotransmitter from the axonal end of the neuron
  3. electrical communication occurs: within a neuron
  4. chemical communication (neurons): occurs between neurons 35. G-protein-linked, ion-channel-linked, hormone-linked, and neu- rotrophin-linked systems: four of the most important signal transduction cascades in the brain
  5. G-protein-linked and ion-channel-linked cascades are trigger by: Neuro- transmitters and activate genes in the cell nucleus
  6. signal transduction cascades activate a third messenger enzyme known as kinases,: which add phosphate groups to to proteins to create phosphoproteins
  1. signal transduction cascades activate a third messenger enzyme known as phosphatases,: which remove phosphates from phosphoproteins
  2. 2nd messenger Ca+ activates: the 3rd messenger phosphatase
  3. Each of the four signal transduction cascades passes its message from an Extracellular First Messenger to: an Intracellular Second Messenger
  4. The second messenger in the G-protein-linked is: a chemical
  5. The second messenger in the ion-channel-linked is: an ion
  6. The second messenger of the hormone-linked is: when the hormone finds its receptor in the cytoplasm and binds to it to form a hormone-nuclear receptor complex
  7. Complex set of second messengers for the neurotrophins are: proteins that are kinase enzymes with an alphabet soup of complicated names
  8. The balance between kinase and phosphatase activity signaled by the bal- ance between the two neurotransmitters that activate them and: determines the degree of downstream chemical activity translated into diverse biological responses, such as gene expression and synaptogenesis
  1. methylation and deacetylation: compress chromatin, there by silencing the gene by preventing transcription factors of RNA into proteins
  2. demethylation and acetylation: decompress chromatin, so transcription fac- tors can get to the promoter regions of genes and activate them