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Skeletal and Muscular System Anatomy, Lecture notes of Nursing

Nova Southeastern University (NSU)Nursing

A comprehensive overview of the skeletal and muscular systems, covering key topics such as the vertebral column, the structure and function of different types of muscles, and the innervation of various muscle groups. It delves into the detailed anatomy of the bones, joints, and associated structures, including the cranial nerves, the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the autonomic nervous system. The document also discusses common injuries and conditions related to the musculoskeletal system, making it a valuable resource for students and healthcare professionals interested in understanding the complex interplay between the skeletal and muscular systems.

Typology: Lecture notes

2019/2020

Uploaded on 06/24/2024

elizabeth-rodriguez-hjm
elizabeth-rodriguez-hjm 🇺🇸

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Skeleton
Know: # vertebrae/ characteristics/region
- Cervical- (7)- Concave, secondary
BIFID Spinous process, transverse foramina (vertebral process)
- Thoracic (12) Convex, primary
Inferior projection, sharp, ribs articulate= costal facet/costal demi facet
- Lumbar (5) Concave, primary
Posterior projection, blunt
- Sacral (5)
- Coccyx (4)
THESE TWO UNITE Convex, primary
***IVD: Helps with movement, CSF, b/w vertebral body ( cartilage)
*** IVF: b/w each vertebra, Leaves from spinal cord to the rest of the body
*** Pterion: division of middle meningeal artery
*** spinal cord: sits in the vertebral foramen
Lamina: in b/w spinous process and transverse foramina
Pedicles: in b/w transverse foramina and body
Structures that bound intervertebral foreamen:
- Superior/inferior: pedicles
- Posterior: facet joint
- Anterior: disks/body
- Ribs
1-7 (“True): direct articulation with costal cartilage/sternum
8-12 (“False): non-direct articulation with costal cartilage
8,9,10: share costal cartilage
11,12 (“floating”); no articulation with costal cartilage
- Sternum:
1. Manubrium
2. Body
3. Xiphoid process
Clavicle: point of attachment
2 articulations
1. Lateral: acromioclavicular joint
2. Medial: coraclavicular joint
- Scapula: posterior to ribs 2-7
1. Axillary nerve: innovates muscles in the arms
2. Radial nerve: shaft
3. Ulnar nerve: epicondyle
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Skeleton Know: # vertebrae/ characteristics/region

  • Cervical- (7)- Concave, secondary BIFID Spinous process, transverse foramina (vertebral process)
  • Thoracic (12) Convex, primary Inferior projection, sharp, ribs articulate= costal facet/costal demi facet
  • Lumbar (5) Concave, primary Posterior projection, blunt **- Sacral (5)
  • Coccyx (4)** THESE TWO UNITE Convex, primary ***IVD: Helps with movement, CSF, b/w vertebral body ( cartilage) *** IVF: b/w each vertebra, Leaves from spinal cord to the rest of the body *** Pterion: division of middle meningeal artery *** spinal cord: sits in the vertebral foramen Lamina: in b/w spinous process and transverse foramina Pedicles: in b/w transverse foramina and body Structures that bound intervertebral foreamen:
  • Superior/inferior: pedicles
  • Posterior: facet joint
  • Anterior: disks/body
  • Ribs  1-7 (“True): direct articulation with costal cartilage/sternum  8-12 (“False): non-direct articulation with costal cartilage  8,9,10: share costal cartilage  11,12 (“floating”); no articulation with costal cartilage
  • Sternum:
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid process  Clavicle: point of attachment 2 articulations
  4. Lateral: acromioclavicular joint
  5. Medial: coraclavicular joint
  • Scapula: posterior to ribs 2-
  1. Axillary nerve: innovates muscles in the arms
  2. Radial nerve: shaft
  3. Ulnar nerve: epicondyle

*** b/w the radius and the ulna: nodial notch *** olecranon process (ulna): triceps tendon *** radial tuberosity (radius): biceps tendon

  • 2 carpal bones with radius
    1. Scaphoid: fractures when we fall
    2. Lunate: dislocates, separates from carpal bones
  • Pelvis
    1. Pubis
    2. Iliac
    3. ischium *** Acetabulum  Iliac crest: superior aspect  Sciatic nerve: (largest nerve) motor
  1. Lateral: ischial tuberosity, common peroneal nerve fibula

Muscular Know: origin/insertion/action/innervation Three types of muscles

  1. Cardiac (heart)
  2. Skeletal (bones)
  3. Smooth (lining of organs such as stomach, bladder and blood vessels)
    • Muscles of facial expression (C.N 7) Frontalis: raises eyebrows Orbicularis oculi: closes eyes Buccinator: retracts angle of cheek Orbicularis oris: closes lips
  • Muscles of mastication (C.N 5) Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid Right eye: (SO4, LR 6 , Others) superior rectus (C.N 3): elevates superior oblique (C. N4): adducts, depresses, rotate lateral rectus (C.N6): abducts inferior oblique (C.N3): elevates inferior rectus (C.N3): depresses medial rectus (C.N3): adducts *** abduct: away from midline *** adduct: toward midline
  • Pectoralis region:  Pectoralis major Muscle of inspiration, adducts and medial rotator for humerus  Pectoralis Minor: depresses
  • Abdominal wall (from superficial to deep) External oblique Inferior oblique Transverse abdominis Rectus abdominis: flexion of lumbar spine
  • Back
  • Trapezius C.N 11, elevates, depresses, retracts scapula
  • Latissimus dorsi Adducts; rhomboids: retracts scapula, levitator scapula: elevates scapula  Erector spinae muscle Deep back muscle that maintains erect posture
  • Deltoid Adducts, from clavicle to deltoid tuberosity, (common site for intramuscular injection)

Extension of elbow, testing for radial nerve, palpitate olecranon process, MUST START WITH FLEXED ELBOW Biceps reflex: Flexion of the elbow, testing for musculocutaneous nerve, MUST START WITH EXTENDED ELBOW

  • Forearms (anterior) Common flexor tendon: flexes, attaches to medial epicondyle Muscle flex wrist/digits: flexes wrist, median nerve (posterior) Common extendor tendon: extends, attaches to lateral epicondyle , musculocutaneous nerve Muscle extend wrist/digits: extends wrist, radial nerve
  • Hand: these move fingers; ulnar nerve
    1. Thenar eminence: base of thumb
    2. Hypothenar eminence: base of “little finger”
  • Thigh(anterior compartment) : these extend knee,flex hip femoral nerve
    1. Rectus femoris
    2. Vastus lateralis
    3. Vastus intermedius
    4. Vastus medial  Sartorius: flexes hip/knee also, femoral nerve  Patellar ligament: attaches to tibial tuberosity
  • Gluteal region; extender of hip Gluteus medius: safe area for injection
  • Hamstring muscles(posterior compartment) : flexion of the knee/extension of hip, sciatic nerve
  1. Biceps femoris
  2. Semimembranosus
  3. Semitendinosus
  • Legs Anterior(tibialis): dorsiflexion of foot (closing angle of foot), inverts foot deep peroneal nerve Posterior(gastrocnemius) : plantar flexion, inserts in Achilles tendon, tibial nerve
    1. Gastrocnemius
    2. Soleus
    3. Plantaris Calcaneus reflex: tibial nerve, start with dorsiflexion, and test for plantar flexion
  • Patellar reflex: extension, palpate tibial tuberosity, femoral nerve

 Primary motor area: movement face/arm (ex: left hemisphere will create movement right side) LOCATED IN THE PRE-CENTRAL GYRUS  Primary sensory area: sensation (ex: left hemisphere, sensation on right side) located in the POST-CENTRAL GYRUS  Paracentral lobule: contains both primary motor/sensory necessary for movement of leg, located in LOWER EXTREMETIES Blood supply of brain:  Aorta: main vessel

  • Ascending: initially leaves
  • Descending: all the way down
  • Arch 3 main branches
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Right subclavian artery
  • -right common carotid artery
  1. Left common carotid artery
  • External
  • Internal
  1. Left subclavian
  • Vertebral 2 pathways
  1. Vertebral/basilar: (transverse foreamina), supplies brain stem, spinal cord, cerebellum
  2. Internal carotid:
  • Anterior cerebral artery(medial surface, frontal/parietal lobes)
  • Middle cerebral artery (lateral surface), supplies to cerebral hemispheres  Posterior cerebral artery: (occipital lobe, medial surface)  Strokes: blockage/damage to the medial cerebral artery Cranial Nerves: KNOW NAME, #, FUNCTION Olfactory (I): Smell Optic (II): Vision Oculomotor (III): Eye movements, closes eye, near vision Trochlear (IV): Eye movements Trigeminal: (V) muscles of mastication Abducens: (VI) Eye movements Facial (VII): facial expression Vestibulocochlear (VIII): Balance and hearing Glossopharyngeal (IX): Sensation of tongue and back of throat Vagus (X): Sound production/swallowing Accessory: (XI): Trapezius, sternocleidomastoid Hypoglossal (XII): Tongue movements