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Business Ethics: Final Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

San Diego State University (SDSU)Nursing

A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in business ethics. It explores various ethical theories, including utilitarianism, nozick's rights theory, rawls' theory of justice, objectivism, integrative social contracts theory, and ethics of care. The document also delves into ethical decision-making frameworks, group pressures, organizational pressures, cognitive biases, and the ethics of professions. It is a valuable resource for students studying business ethics, providing insights into ethical dilemmas and decision-making processes.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/26/2025

bryanryan
bryanryan 🇺🇸

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SDSU BA300 Eaton Final Exam Questions with Complete
Solutions
Sound ethical decision-making correct answer: 1. Gather the facts
2. Define the ethical issues
3. Identify the affected parties
4. Identify the consequences
5. Identify the obligations
6. Consider your character and integrity
7. Think creatively about potential actions (check gut)
8. Check your gut
Group pressures correct answer: Group Norms
-"everyones doing it" (Excuses)
-rationalizing unethical behavior
- pressure to go along
Organizational Pressures correct answer: Organizational effects
- Rewards and punishments (pay system)
- roles at work
- diffusion of responsibilty
What is diffusion in the work environment? correct answer: - decision
making groups
- obscured by the organizational hierarchy
- taken away responsibility
- psychological distance to victims
Organizational Culture correct answer: Formal systems vs Informal
systems
*your integrity can help you
Formal Systems correct answer: - selection/training; gives clues to how
one wants organization to act
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Download Business Ethics: Final Exam Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

SDSU BA300 Eaton Final Exam Questions with Complete

Solutions

Sound ethical decision-making correct answer: 1. Gather the facts

  1. Define the ethical issues
  2. Identify the affected parties
  3. Identify the consequences
  4. Identify the obligations
  5. Consider your character and integrity
  6. Think creatively about potential actions (check gut)
  7. Check your gut Group pressures correct answer: Group Norms -"everyones doing it" (Excuses) -rationalizing unethical behavior
  • pressure to go along Organizational Pressures correct answer: Organizational effects
  • Rewards and punishments (pay system)
  • roles at work
  • diffusion of responsibilty What is diffusion in the work environment? correct answer: - decision making groups
  • obscured by the organizational hierarchy
  • taken away responsibility
  • psychological distance to victims Organizational Culture correct answer: Formal systems vs Informal systems *your integrity can help you Formal Systems correct answer: - selection/training; gives clues to how one wants organization to act
  • performance management
  • authority structure ; is the leader doing the right thing?ethical? Informal Systems correct answer: -role models/ heroes (are they worthy)
  • norms and rules (rewards ceremonies)
  • myths and stories (legends)' Cognitive Biases correct answer: Fact gathering
  • overconfidence about your knowledge of the facts
  • falling into the confirmation trap so.. think about ways you could be wrong Consequences of Cognitive bias correct answer: - reduced number of consequences
  • consequences for self vs. others
  • consequences as risk
  • escalation of commitment so. *Invite Input, especially from those who disagree with you Illusion of Optimism correct answer: overestimate the likelihood of good future events and underestimate the bad illusion of control correct answer: perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are Illusion of Superiority correct answer: a cognitive bias when a person overestimates their own qualities and abilities, in their relation to the same qualities and abilities of other escalation of commitment correct answer: you made a decision, know what you want to do, and nobody can change that

"desire for moral approval from oneself to others" *level of desired moral approbation (DMA) is an individual difference 3 Types of DMA

  1. DMA from others -- Praise
  2. DMA from others-- Blame
  3. DMA from the self Biggest Pro of Utilitarianism correct answer: Mathematical, logical approach which inserts science into ethics Not partial Utilitarianism correct answer: Maximizing the common good (consequentialist theory- weighs pros and cons) *the least bad/ most good is moral thing to do *Greatest net benefit for the greatest number( mathematically approach, logical, rational approach) Must analyze all the stakeholders, not just ones in the business Biggest Con of Utilitarianism correct answer: The means don't matter ex. maximum good would be attained if hurt someone would be considered "ethical" ex. Slavery ex. "The ones who walk away from omelas" girl locked in basement for entire life to make community thrive
  • true utililtarian sees this as ok
  • true consequentialist will see themselves as being the one locked in the closets is ok bc rest of community thriving Nozick's Rights Theory correct answer: ethical decision depends on only whether my decision is free form

Freedom from force(physical) and fraud(misinformation or withholding) (Non-consequentialist; focuses on mean) Focuses on negative rights, doesn't want government involvement *must consider others freedoms *Night Watchman **PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY Neg right correct answer: right to be left alone and not have anyone else interfere *freedom, liberty, right to be left alone *Nozicks right theory focuses on neg rights > pos rights Pos right correct answer: right to have a thing you don't have to work for *Nozick's Rights would disagree Deontologist correct answer: One who believes that the rightness of an action derives not from the consequences of an action but from its nature (its right-making characteristics) *nonconsequentialist Nozicks Rights pro vs cons correct answer: Pro

  • virtually complete freedom of action with minimal government intrusion
  • rely on markets to decide things Con

"If I could be neutral what would I think would be the best way to set up society" Biggest Con of RTJ correct answer: -Denies free will and meritocracy *People are determined by their biology, genetics and environment- they have little say

  • Gives credit to circumstances rather than people
  • you don't make choices, your programmed to pick what you pick Meritocracy correct answer: those who put out the most, deserve the most back Difference Principle (Rawls) correct answer: Social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that they are both (a) to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged persons, and (b) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of equality of opportunity. Objectivism correct answer: -Be rational and be all you can be (consequentialist theory- weighs pros and cons) -Don't let emotions cloud your judgement -Focuses on interests of the individual/ corporation *pushes American values to limit
  • values capitalism and free market *Virtus- to help others Biggest Pro of Objectivism correct answer: -Reinforces personal responsibility -Pushes people to take responsibility for themselves and try to develop themselves and be responsible for pros and cons in one's own life for the long run *no. moochers

Biggest Cons of objectivism correct answer: -Individualistic, too self centered -Too judgemental Integrative Social Contracts Theory (ISCT) correct answer: -Check action doesn't violate a global hypernorm or local authentic norm -Respects human rights and dignity *integrates global and normal norms f What is a hypernorm correct answer: global overarching norms

  1. respect dignity of all human beings
  2. Respect human rights *context matter (local) and respect other culture Biggest Pro of ISCT correct answer: *Adaptability Shows you care about the local culture, helps to see how others live Ethic of Care correct answer: -Focus on relationships and responsibilities; **SACRIFICE -nurture others and self sacrifice for people close to them -Every right has a corresponding responsibility ex. all humans have a right to food so others should give food to you if you can't get it -We have responsibility to our relationships *not gender based (depends on their development)
  • more aware, care for less advantaged Biggest Con of ISCT correct answer: -Local norms may be vague
  • corporation must max shareholder value Economic Imperative
  • fundamentally to max value with social constraint Ethical Justifications *Efficiency- resources pulled to their most valued uses *Liberty- individuals are free to participate or not and can't complain about corporation bc they choose to not to do business w them Corporate Social Responsibility correct answer: commitment to corporate actions beyond maximizing profits within the law and morality *not going to max shareholder value but more than that *coincides w stakeholder values Instrumental CSR correct answer: how corporations should engage in CSR programs in order to max profits within legal and moral constraints ex. do a fun run to support breast cancer research-- get word out about company and help Breast cancer Normative CSR correct answer: How corporations should engage in CSR programs because its the right or moral thing to do even at the expense of profit *shareholders disagree Arguments Against Normative CSR correct answer: - violates owner's property rights (uses other ppl money w out consent)
  • presumes that managers have better moral skills than shareholders *weakens managements accountability to shareholders
  • distracts management from its primary purpose

Impact of Normative CSR correct answer: Going Concern; shareholders expectations are undermined, and owners of records at announcement may for entire CSR redirection *shareholders lose money Startup; Investors purchase IPO shares with full knowledge of potential for lower market price Challenges to Shareholder Value correct answer: - Difficult rely on self- interested businesspeople to act on others' behalf (including shareholders) market mechanisms are required to rein them in

  • Shareholder vale proponents think they corporate responsibility lies in devising effective corporate governance mechanisms to protect long term interests of shareholders *All voluntary Stakeholder Orientation correct answer: Advance the interests of all stakeholders (even at the expense of profit) includes employees, customers, shareholders, the community, or broader society, the environment, and suppliers -Companies have a responsibility to take on social problems -liberty can be given to those in need -pursue non western values; stop being greedy The Power Argument correct answer: *The can implies should a corporation purpose is to use its resources to advance the interests of all those who are affected by its corporate activities *with great power comes great responsibility *corporations are global and have a reach govt can't have A key CSR Distincton correct answer: Repair externalities "do not harm", but not responsible for general social problems *do harm then must clean up

Significant Intervention; CSR as legal mandate Protection for Whistleblowers under California Law (Labor Code Section 1102.5) correct answer: it is illegal for employers to punish an employee for refusing to participate in an activity that would result in a violation of a local, state, or federal rule or law Whistleblowing Triggers correct answer: -truth (truth is being violated) -employee or customer rights (violated) -trust (trust is being violated) -harm -personal reputation (hurt) -organization's reputation (hurt) -Breaking the law Whistleblowing Precursors correct answer: -Dealing with a serious issue -Assembled the facts -Checked to be sure facts are accurate -Asked peers or manager for advice -See a law or policy about to be violated Steps to Whistleblowing correct answer: 1. Approach your immediate manager first

  1. Discuss the issue with your family
  2. Take it to the next level (Manager's Manager)
  3. Contact your company's ethics officer (Hotline)
  4. Consider going outside your chain of command (HR, CEO)
  5. Go outside the company (Press)
  6. Leave the company (If haven't been fired yet)