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Review Sheet for General Microbiology | BIOL 240, Lab Reports of Microbiology

San Mateo County Community College District OfficeMicrobiology
Prof. Nathan C. Staples

Material Type: Lab; Professor: Staples; Class: General Microbiology; Subject: Biology; University: San Mateo County Community College District Office; Term: Spring 2009;

Typology: Lab Reports

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/18/2009

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2/25/2009
1
BIOL 240
BIOL 240:
: General Microbiology
General Microbiology
Spring 2009
Spring 2009 R 2/19/2009
R 2/19/2009
http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol240/
http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol240/
1.
1. Pre
Pre-
-Lab
Lab Writeups
Writeups:
:Be sure to prepare before each Monday
Be sure to prepare before each Monday’
’s
s
labs (for BOTH Mon. & Wed.)!!
labs (for BOTH Mon. & Wed.)!!
–
–(What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab??)
(What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab??)
2.
2. MT1 will be returned in LAB & M/C Answer KEY
MT1 will be returned in LAB & M/C Answer KEY posted.
posted.
•
•under
under “
“Add
Add’
’l
lMaterials
Materials”
”tab.
tab.
REVIEW
REVIEW
1.
1. Describe
Describe how enzymes speed up chemical reactions
how enzymes speed up chemical reactions, and how they
, and how they
affect the energy and equilibrium of a reaction.
affect the energy and equilibrium of a reaction.
2.
2. Describe 6 different factors that can
Describe 6 different factors that can regulate enzyme activity
regulate enzyme activity.
.
3.
3. Explain how Enzymes and ATP participate in
Explain how Enzymes and ATP participate in Energetic Coupling
Energetic Coupling.
.
TODAY
TODAY’
’s
sObjectives:
Objectives: Students should be able to
Students should be able to…
….
.
1.
1. Diagram the
Diagram the investment and release of energy and
investment and release of energy and Carbon
Carbon
atoms from Glycolysis.
atoms from Glycolysis.
2.
2. Diagram or outline the process by which
Diagram or outline the process by which high energy electron carriers
high energy electron carriers are
are
produced by glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs/TCA cy
produced by glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs/TCA cycle.
cle.
3.
3. Diagram how high energy
Diagram how high energy electrons are used to produce ATP
electrons are used to produce ATP in the
in the
mitochondrial inner membrane (or bacterial plasma
mitochondrial inner membrane (or bacterial plasma mem
mem.).
.).
4.
4. Compare and contrast the
Compare and contrast the energy inputs and outputs of Fermentation &
energy inputs and outputs of Fermentation &
Aerobic Respiration/Oxidative
Aerobic Respiration/Oxidative phosphorylation
phosphorylation
pf3
pf4
pf5
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pf9
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1.1.^ 1.1. Pre 2.2. MT1 will be returned in LAB & M/C Answer KEY BIOL 240:^ BIOL 240^ http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol240/http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/staplesn/biol240/ Spring 2009Spring 2009DescribeDescribeaffect the energy and equilibrium of a reaction.affect the energy and equilibrium of a reaction.Pre-labs (for BOTH Mon. & Wed.)!!labs (for BOTH Mon. & Wed.)!! MT1 will be returned in LAB & M/C Answer KEY – –^ • •^ (What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab??)(What? Why? How? are we doing in the lab??) underunder “ -LabLab Writeups how enzymes speed up chemical reactionshow enzymes speed up chemical reactions Writeups: “AddAdd’ REVIEW ’l^ REVIEW : General Microbiology l MaterialsMaterials” :^ General MicrobiologyBe sure to prepare before each Monday’Be sure to prepare before each Monday ” tab.tab. R 2/19/2009R 2/19/2009, and how they, and how they^ posted.posted. ’ss

2.2.3.3. TODAYTODAY’ 1.1. Diagram the2.2.3.3.4.4.^ Describe 6 different factors that canDescribe 6 different factors that canExplain how Enzymes and ATP participate inExplain how Enzymes and ATP participate inDiagram the atoms from Glycolysis.atoms from Glycolysis.Diagram or outline the process by whichDiagram or outline the process by whichproduced by glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs/TCA cyproduced by glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs/TCA cycle.Diagram how high energyDiagram how high energymitochondrial inner membrane (or bacterial plasmamitochondrial inner membrane (or bacterial plasma memCompare and contrast theCompare and contrast the Aerobic Respiration/OxidativeAerobic Respiration/Oxidative’ss Objectives:Objectives: investment and release of energy and Carboninvestment and release of energy and electrons are used to produce ATPelectrons are used to produce ATPenergy inputs and outputs of Fermentation &energy inputs and outputs of Fermentation & phosphorylationphosphorylation Students should be able toStudents should be able to…^ regulate enzyme activityregulate enzyme activity high energy electron carriershigh energy electron carriers Energetic CouplingEnergetic Coupling mem.)..). Carbon .. in thein thecle... …. areare.

5.3) • ••••• • • In biological systems, the 5.3) OxidationReduction Redox reaction with a reduction reaction (always!In biological systems, the OxidationReduction Redox with a reduction reaction ( Oxidation-OxidationOxidation-reaction Oxidation is the removal of electrons. is the removal of electrons.is the gain of electrons.is the gain of electrons. is an oxidation reaction pairedis an oxidation reaction paired -ReductionReduction-Reduction always!). electronselectronsReduction ). (^) are oftenare often Figure 5.

  • • Biological oxidationsassociated withBiological oxidations are oftenassociated with^ hydrogenhydrogen atoms are often^ dehydrogenationsdehydrogenations atoms .. Figure 5.10..

5.5) 5.5) • • Light^ •^ •^ Energy released from the transfer ofelectrons (oxidation Light causes Energy released from the transfer ofelectrons (^ – –^ – ––– Energy released from the transfer of electrons^ of one compound to another (reductionis used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis Energy released from the transfer of electrons(oxidation) of one compound to another (is used to generate ATP by (oxidation)•• from chlorophyll through a system of carrier Metabolic Pathways from chlorophyll through a system of carriermolecules is used to generate ATP.molecules is used to generate ATP. Metabolic PathwaysThe Generation of ATP^ The Generation of ATP causes chlorophyll oxidation) chlorophyll to give up electrons. ) to give up electrons. chemiosmosis.reduction)).

Carbohydrate Catabolism Carbohydrate Catabolism • The breakdown of carbohydrates• • • The oxidation of glucose toThe breakdown of carbohydratesto release energyto release energy1)1) Glycolysis2)2) Krebs cycle3)3) Electron transport chainThe oxidation of glucose to pyruvicproduces ATP and NADH.produces ATP and NADH.GlycolysisKrebs cycleElectron transport chain A. Glycolysis A. Glycolysis pyruvic acid,acid,

  • • Glucose → http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html Glucose → http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/glycolysis.html•• http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biomi290/ASM/glycolysis.dcr (^) Pentose phosphate pathway:Pentose phosphate pathway: 2 pyruvic (^2) – – Uses–– Operates with glycolysis pyruvic acid Uses pentosesOperates with glycolysis ++ (^) pentoses and NADPH 2 ATP2 ATPGlycolysisGlycolysis acid ++ (^) and NADPH++ (^) 2 ADP2 ADP (^) 4 ATP4 ATP ++ ++ 2 PO2 PO 2 NADH2 NADH 44 – –^ ++ (^) 2 NAD2 NAD ++ 2H2H ++ ++
    • •^ Entner-Entner – – Produces NADPH and ATP–– Does not involve glycolysis–– Alternatives to Glycolysis^ Alternatives to Glycolysis Produces NADPH and ATPDoes not involve glycolysis Pseudomonas,Pseudomonas, Rhizobium -DoudoroffDoudoroff pathway: Rhizobium, pathway: , AgrobacteriumAgrobacterium
  • • • • ATPhttp://www.qcc.cuny.edu/BiologicalSciences/Faculty/DMeyer/respiration.html http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/BiologicalSciences/Faculty/DMeyer/respir Oxidation of molecules liberates electronsfor an electron transport chain ATP generated by Oxidation of molecules liberates electronsfor an electron transport chain generated by Cellular Respiration^ Cellular Respiration oxidative phosphorylationoxidativephosphorylation ation.html
    • • Pyruvic•• 2X/glc!! B. Intermediate Step:^ B. Intermediate Step: Pyruvic acid (fromglycolysis) is oxidizedand decarboyxlated2X/glc!!………glycolysis) is oxidizedand Pyruvate OxidationPyruvate Oxidation decarboyxlated………acid (from Figure 5.13.
  • • A series of carrier•• Energy released can D. The Electron Transport Chain^ D. The Electron Transport Chain A series of carriermolecules that are,molecules that are,in turn, oxidized andin turn, oxidized andreduced as electronsreduced as electronsare passed down theare passed down thechain.chain.Energy released canbe used to producebe used to produceATP byATP by chemiosmosischemiosmosis E. E. Chemi-Chemi .. • • • • Figure 5.14Figure 5.14 -osmosis Each NADHEach FADHEach NADHEach FADH osmosis 22 ÆÆÆÆ 3 ATP2 ATP3 ATP2 ATP ¾ ¾ create gradient of [H+]create^ Figure 5.15 gradient of [H+] andand electric chargeelectric charge —— thethe ProtonProton--Motive ForceMotive Force..

• • Stronger Electron-Stronger Electron http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/etc/movie.htm Chemi-^ Chemi -Acceptors/OxidizersAcceptors/Oxidizers -osmosisosmosis Figure 5.16.2ÆÆÆÆ

• ••• 5.6) Respiration^ 5.6) Aerobic respiration: acceptor in the electron transport chain ismolecular oxygen (O Anaerobic respiration: acceptor in the electron transport chain isnot O Aerobic respiration: acceptor in the electron transport chain ismolecular oxygen (O Anaerobic respiration: acceptor in the electron transport chain isnot O–– Yields less energy than aerobic respirationYields less energy than aerobic respiration•• only part of the Krebs cycle operates w/out Oonly part of the Krebs cycle operates w/out O 22 .. Respiration 22 ).).The final electronThe final electron The final electronThe final electron 22 ..

  • • • •^ GlycolysisGlycolysisPyruvatePyruvateOxidationOxidationKrebs cycleKrebs cycle TotalTotalATP produced (chemical processes) oxidation of 38 ATP produced (chemical processes) oxidation of 38 PathwayPathway ATPsATPs are produced in (^) Aerobic Metabolic Yield,Aerobic Metabolic Yield,Summary (Eukaryotes):Summary (Eukaryotes): (^) are produced in (^) 1 glucose1 glucose PhosphorylationPhosphorylationByBy SubstrateSubstrate- (^) LevelLevel using aerobic respiration.using aerobic respiration. (^202) 4 (^202) 4 (^) (^) prokaryotesprokaryotes - PhosphorylationNADHPhosphorylationNADHFromFromByBy Oxidative (^1818) 3030 (^6666) (^) ,,^ Oxidative from completefrom complete 3636 inin FADHFADH FromFrom EukEuk (^04) 4 (^04) (^4) ..

http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/electron_transport/electron_transport.swfNET:1.1. Glyc^ 2.2. Pyr.Ox3.3. TCANET:Glyc =Pyr.Ox.TCA http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/atpgradient/movie.htm^ =^. == 6 NADHH== 2 NADHH6 NADHH 2 NADHH 2 NADHH2 GTP2 FADH22 FADH2^ 2 NADHH 2 GTP^ →→→→→→^ →→→→^ 36 ATP total^ 36 ATP total^ 18 ATP18 ATP2 ATP 4 ATP4 ATP 6 ATP6 ATP4 ATP4 ATP2 ATP2 ATP2 ATP^^ (4 made, 2 invested) (use 2 ATP on transport into mito (4 made, 2 invested) (use 2 ATP on transport into & Oxidative Respiration& Oxidative Respiration^ NETNET from Glycolysisfrom Glycolysis mito IM)IM)

B 1.1. Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules2.2. Does not require oxygenB NOSOCONOSOCO Releases energy from oxidation of organic moleculesDoes not require oxygen. Anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respirationElectron acceptorElectron acceptor 4 34 333 – ––2 –– 2 – NONOHHCHCH 22 S + HS + H 44 22 – – (^) + H+ H;; NProductsNProducts 22 22 22 OO OO + H+ H (^22) OO 3.3. Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC4.4. Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor 5.7) Fermentation^ 5.7) Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETCUses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor Fermentation Figure 5.18b Figure 5.18b

5.8) Catabolism:A. Lipid 5.8) Catabolism:A. Lipid ProteinProtein B. Protein Catabolism B. Protein Catabolism ExtracellularExtracellular (^) proteasesproteases CatabolismCatabolism Figure 5.20 Amino acidsAmino acids Deamination ( Deamination http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/tca/tca.htm (( http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/animations/ ÆÆ amineamine), dehydrogenation( ÆÆ ), dehydrogenation acid),acid), decarboxylationdecarboxylation (^) Organic acidOrganic acid Figure 5.22Krebs cycle Krebs cycle tca/tca.htm