Prepare for your exams
Get points
Guidelines and tips

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips

Sell on Docsity

Log in Sign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources

Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents

20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions

5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points

Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study

Go to the blog

Republican Experiment and the Constitution 1776 to 1796 | HIST 1100, Study notes of World History

University of Missouri (MU) - Columbia World History

Prof. John Wigger

Notes after Midterm Material Type: Notes; Professor: Wigger; Class: Survey of American History to 1865; Subject: History; University: University of Missouri - Columbia; Term: Fall 2011;

Typology: Study notes

2010/2011

Uploaded on 12/23/2011

brooke-polivka 🇺🇸

3

(1)

7 documents

1 / 29

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

Republican Experiments and the Constitution, 1776-1796

- They didn’t like the strict oppressed monarchy

- Colonists didn’t want a democracy they wanted a republic

- In a republic you become a leader because you are the most virtuous

- Started things not because they got anything out of it but for the greater good

- They would do what was best for everybody

- Forging New Governments

oState Governments

Upper and lower houses, or bicameral legislatures

oProperty requirements

Assumed that only ownership of property, especially land,

allowed voters to think and act independently

None of the states do away completely with the property

requirements immediately

oApportionment

Not based on population density

oFactions and fear of an interest group

“it will be found, indeed, on a candid review of our situation,

that some of the distresses under which we labor .. must be

chiefly, if not wholly,

- Conservative and Radical Influences

oConservative Influences

Appointments of most state and county officials

Apportionment

No party system

oRadicalism

Colonial experiences with assemblies and royal officials

Republic principles

Government entrusted to virtuous leaders

Balance of interests

- Reconstituting the states

o11 of 13 states established bicameral legislatures (PA and GA did so

by 1790)

oOnly Pennsylvania had apportion based on population

o9 of 13 states lowered property requirements for voting, but none

abolished them entirely

oBut, state constitutions were written documents, ratified by a vote of

the people

oState constitutions limited executive power

- National Government

oThe Articles of Confederation

Drafted 1777; ratified in 1781

Single-chamber national congress

Taxes need approval from every state

Partial preview of the text

Download Republican Experiment and the Constitution 1776 to 1796 | HIST 1100 and more Study notes World History in PDF only on Docsity!

Republican Experiments and the Constitution, 1776-

They didn’t like the strict oppressed monarchy
Colonists didn’t want a democracy they wanted a republic
In a republic you become a leader because you are the most virtuous
Started things not because they got anything out of it but for the greater good
They would do what was best for everybody
Forging New Governments o State Governments  Upper and lower houses, or bicameral legislatures o Property requirements  Assumed that only ownership of property, especially land, allowed voters to think and act independently  None of the states do away completely with the property requirements immediately o Apportionment  Not based on population density o Factions and fear of an interest group  “it will be found, indeed, on a candid review of our situation, that some of the distresses under which we labor .. must be chiefly, if not wholly,
Conservative and Radical Influences o Conservative Influences  Appointments of most state and county officials  Apportionment  No party system o Radicalism  Colonial experiences with assemblies and royal officials  Republic principles  Government entrusted to virtuous leaders  Balance of interests
Reconstituting the states o 11 of 13 states established bicameral legislatures (PA and GA did so by 1790) o Only Pennsylvania had apportion based on population o 9 of 13 states lowered property requirements for voting, but none abolished them entirely o But, state constitutions were written documents, ratified by a vote of the people o State constitutions limited executive power
National Government o The Articles of Confederation  Drafted 1777; ratified in 1781  Single-chamber national congress  Taxes need approval from every state

 If they wanted to raise taxes and one state didn’t approve they couldn’t go through with it  No executive branch  No judicial branch  Balance of power in favor of the states  Weak form of national government  Didn’t function all that well

Finance and Trade Under the Confederation o War costs 600,000 taxpayers $160 million  This was 2400% more than taxes raised to pay for Seven Years’ War o Borrowed Funds from abroad and printed money  “Not worth a Continental”
Northwest Territories o 160 million acres north of Ohio River o Ordinance of 1785  Set up a mechanism for dividing and selling public lands
Northwest Ordinance o Congress appoint governor, secretary, 3 judges o 5000 free adult males needed for territorial legislature o 60,000 needed for statehood o No slavery in NW territory o No regard for Indians
The Constitution o The Philadelphia Convention, 1787  The Virginia Plan  States represented according to population o Suited states like Virginia but the smaller states realized they could be dominated by larger states so they didn’t agree with that  The New Jersey Plan  One vote per state  The Connecticut Compromise o Allowed national government to:  Collect taxes  Regulate interstate commerce  Conduct diplomacy o Balance power in 3 branches  Executive  Legislative  Judicial o State’s Rights  Slavery left to individual states  Permitted Congress to ban importation of slaves ater 1808 o Ratification

 In the end got less electoral votes than Jefferson and Burr o Who won the election of 1800?  Not John Adams  Thomas Jefferson or Aaron Burr?  12 amendment ratified in 1804  Didn’t make Aaron Burr very popular with Thomas Jefferson

Burr’s decline o Declining political fortunes o Runs for Governor of New York in 1804 o Duel with Alexander Hamilton, July 11, 1804
The Louisiana Purchase o France and the Louisiana Territory  After the seven years war all this territory went to Spain as part of the Treaty of Paris  They were ok with that because they didn’t want powerful France to have that land  Spain was a weaker power and didn’t have ability to extend influence very far into the American west  Treaty of San Ildefonso, October 1800  France has acquired these lands from Spain in this secret treaty  Napoleon wanted this land from Spain because he wanted to create an empire in the Caribbean  Wanted this land to provide food and grain and other supplies to his new empire o Specifically worried about shipping their goods to New Orleans because France now owned the land and not Spain o They had been sending American goods down the Mississippi River o France in the Caribbean  Napoleon’s dreams of an empire o Closing of New Orleans  Americans were scared of not being able to ship things out of New Orleans
Purchase of Louisiana o James Monroe joins Robert R. Livingston in France o Napoleon gives up on the Caribbean and Louisiana  Too much work with slaves  Instead wanted to build an Empire in the east and had trouble with Great Britain  No longer wants Louisiana because it doesn’t serve the purposes o Louisiana purchased for 15$ million  Wants the whole territory and Monroe buys it all  Good deal

Reaction to the Purchase o Negative  U.S. too big already  Nothing moved faster on land than a horse moved  Even on water you could only move as fast as the river floated you downstream  Would only benefit South and West; drain resources from the East  People in the East didn’t want to spend money on something that wouldn’t benefit them  20$ per taxpayer too much to spend  Constitutional questions  Constitution made no provision for this  Problem for Jefferson and criticized John Adams a lot of not doing things in the Constitution and not Jefferson was doing it o Positive:  Eliminated foreign nations from Mississippi River valley  Eliminated France and Spain from that territory  Extended agricultural base  Could grow more with more land  Provided a “solution” to Indian policy  Briefly just gave more room to push Indians off to for now
The Louisiana Territory o Defined as the water shed of the Mississippi River  Nobody knew how big that was  825,000 square miles at 3 cents per acre  Had acquired more land than they knew  Doubled the size of the United States overnight o Lewis and Clark expedition  Leaves St. Louis in May 1804; returns September 1806  Wanted them to win over the favor of the Indians living in this territory  Find out how far you can navigate by water to the West  Is there a passage we can use? o Maybe to Asia  With Sacagawea  Had been taken captive as a young girl War of 1812 and the paradox of progress
You know it’s not an important event when you name it after a date
Finally decided the questions of U.S. sovereignty
Westward Expansion

Factors behind growth of new religious movements o Religious freedom  First bill for religious freedom was in Virginia and Jefferson was the one that offered it o Normally bodied in the State’s constitution, found its way to the US constitution o First bill for religious freedom was in Virginia o Democratization of American society o Egalitarianism of new movements  Equality
Egalitarianism o By 1800 few Methodists and Baptists agreed with Winthrop
Factors in Methodist growth o A new kind of preacher  The first ones but none of them had a college education and almost had a bias about it o Bishop Francis Asbury (1745-1816)  Born new Birmingham, England  Apprentice to a metal worker at age 14 and went to school until age 12  Comes to America in 1771  Rides 130,000 miles on horseback, crosses the Appalachian Mountains 60 times  Piety, transparency, cultural sensitivity, ability to organize  He’s the Methodist leader in the United States
Arminian Theology o Named after a Dutch monk and says people say you can choose if you want to go to heaven or hell but it’s still all in God’s hands but he will offer everyone the chance at salvation o Displaces Calvinist theology for many o Methodist mobility: the circuit system  Standard 4 week circuit  400 miles in circumference  25-30 preaching appointments per round  Preachers paid $64/year o Contrast with Congregationalist clergy  ($400 a year) you would stay at one church for your entire career which is not similar to the Methodists o Organizational structure  Small groups that needed a lot more participation  Women and African Americans would take on leadership role because the preacher wouldn’t be there often  Class meetings  Society meetings  Quarterly conferences and camp meetings

 Local preachers, exhorters, class leaders o Enthusiasm  Never would write out their sermons and would preach off the top of their head in a dramatic style o African Americans join the movement  Movements have a more democratic feel and so you get rise of people with not a very advanced back ground  Opened the flood gates to acceptance and the African Americans started to convert to Christianity  Richard Allen (black preacher that was a former slave) and the AME (independent black church in 1816) o Women and Methodism  Jarena Lee: becomes a preacher among Methodist but never licensed as a circuit preacher. Preaches widely up and down the east coast and becomes a celebrity.

Mormonism o A new American religious tradition o Joseph Smith  Early family history: moved to upstate New York  Financial hardships  Visions: says angelic being reveals to him a set of golden plates of an ancient story of how people first come to America  Marriage to Emma Hale, 1827  The book of Mormon, published 1830: tale of how people got to America. Story of people that leave the middle east and sail to the Americas and find a new clan o Mormon migration  Missourians acting violently against them and are driven out of the state  New York to Kirtland, Ohio  Independence and western Missouri  1838 Missouri-Mormon War  Nauvoo, Illinois o Joseph Smith and Polygamy  One that stuck with people married 42 women o Joseph Smith murdered June 27, 1844 o Finally decided to migrate to Utah and they are very poor and walked all the way from Illinois to Utah Disease in American Life
What is the most dangerous creature on earth? o Mosquito
Deadly First Contacts

 Got sick and had a fever, gave him large doses of Calomel which killed him o Blistering  Caused by second degree burn; assumed to be bad humors removed from body  Ex: headache, they would but a sore behind your ear  Drawing the fluids out of your body o Laudanum  Tincture of opium  Made people feel better, felt better for a while  People became addicted to it  Francis Asbury used this  Wasn’t very available o Patent medicine  Form of medicine, pills and liquid medicine

Medical Practice o Doctoring not an organized profession  No way to receive training from schooling  Wide range of people were “doctors” from shadowing others o Many relied on medical handbooks  John Wesley’s Primitive Physic  Book of first aid o First published in 1747; 36 subsequent editions o 1789 edition contains 900 recipes for 289 ailments  If you were over weight, he would prescribe you for a vegetable diet for a year  Thought living on boiled carrots for a year was a good cure
Diseases and epidemics o Malaria  Common in Chesapeake from early 17th^ century  Malaria is a reaction in body to an invasion of parasites transmitted by mosquitos  Four malaria infections  Most common is Plasmodium malariae  Quartan fevers, every 72 hours, as high as 106 degrees  Peruvian bark or Jesuit’s bark used to treat malaria  Contains quinine o A very effective treatment for malaria o Yellow Fever  Invades the liver, leading to necrosis of liver and jaundice  Causes eyes and skin to turn yellow  Characterized by:  Violent headaches  Join aches  High fever

 Vomiting progressively tinged with blood until black  Spread by Aedes

Yellow fever Epidemic of 1792 o Benjamin Rush believed it was caused by shipment of waterlogged coffee left to rot on the wharf  Concluded it was the bad smell lofting over the city that caused yellow fever  Brought from slaves in the Caribbean to Philadelphia  Brought disease and mosquitos o Centered in Philadelphia o Rush’s treatment  Purging and vomiting with calomel and jalep; dialing bleeding  Extracted 144 ounces of blood in 6 days from one patient while giving him 150 grains of calomel
Yellow Fever 1793 o 4000 of Philadelphia’s 50,000 inhabitants died in 3 months o Most residents fled city o African Americans, led by Richard Allen, asked to stay to care for sick o Epidemic spread panic along east coast  Baltimore set out road blocks to keep the people of Philadelphia out, avoiding the disease
Small Pox, 1775- o Killed more than 100,000 people across North America, from Mexico to Canada, east coast to west coast o Killed 400,000 Europeans per year in the 18th^ century
Anthrax o Caused by the bacteria Bacillus Anrhracis o Effects both humans and other animals o Can form dormant spores that survive in hostile conditions for decades or centuries o Found on all continents, even Antartica o Animal vaccine developed in 1881 by Louis Pastuer; human vaccine in 1954
Civil War Medicine o The Civil War was fought “at the end of the medical Middle Ages,” according to the Union army surgeon general o There were few medical schools and most doctors had little formal training o Harvard University did not own a single stethoscope or microscope until after the civil war
Disease and Battle o A civil war soldier’s chances of not surviving the war were about 1 in 4 o Disease responsible for 3 out of 5 deaths

The Transformation of Slavery o When George Washington became President in 1789  Slavery still legal in 11 of 13 states  Atlantic slave trade still operated  Slave-based agriculture centered in tobacco farms of Virginia piedmont and rice plantations of South Carolina low country  Fewer than 60,000 free African Americans in US  700,000 slaves in US o By 1831 (year of Nat Turner’s revolt)  Slavery centered in 12 southern states; little slaver in 12 northern states  No legal slave importations since 1808  Heart of slave-based agriculture is cotton plantations from Georgia to Mississippi river  300,000 free African Americans in North and Upper South  2 million slaves in US
Revolutionary Ideology o Slavery and the constitution  Refers to slaves as other persons but still does not outlaw or limit slavery o Beginnings of anti-slavery movement  Has religious roots  Mostly a northern phenomenon
A second Forced Migration o Virginia and Maryland in 1780s o Kentucky, Tennessee, piedmont Georgia and South Carolina o Failure of tobacco o As people begin to migrate, they discover they can grow cotton
Cotton and Slavery o Growth of cotton agriculture in the south  Knew how to grow many different kinds o Technology; Eli Whitney and the cotton gin, 1793 o Alabama Fever, 1817  People rush across lower south to buy best cotton growing land
Slave migrations o 1 million slaves from MD, VA, SC to AL, MS, LA, AR and TX; 1790- o The journey  Most slaves who are sold have to walk the entire way but the real tragedy is that it breaks up families o Family separation  Wanted workers and not entire families o Fear of being sold down South
Varying Nature of Life in Slavery o At American Revolution: 3 systems of slavery

 North of Maryland: craftsmen, seamen, valets and domestics  Chesapeake region: tobacco agriculture  Carolina and Georgia low country: rice production o Two new slave systems by early 19th^ century:  Louisiana sugar production  Cotton agriculture: from upland South Carolina across central Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, eastern Arkansas and Western Louisiana

Sugar, Cotton and Industrial Cities o Slave families in Louisiana o Life on cotton plantations  Often used gang labor system where you make them work from sun up to sun down. Really wasn’t much skill to be learned o The gang system o Urban and Industrial Slavery  Growing manufacture  Something new both in north and south and pretty much limited to cities and have to do with manufacturing factories
Life in 19th^ century o Diet and Disease  Grew corn to feed themselves  More corn was grown than cotton  Weren’t that much worse than everyone else o Infant mortality  Large tie back to low birth weights because mothers don’t get enough conditions o Improving conditions  Between revolution and civil war The Pursuit of Perfection: Reform in Antebellum America
Belief in Progress o Religious convictions o Revolutionary ideology o Rising standards of living  Declining birth rates o Faith in technology
The roots of reform o Confidence in progress and the human will  Past is negative  Future is positive  Herman Melville quote that basically nothing good from past, future is bright and brings hope (Calvinism a bit)
Fears for the Future

o Goals of early temperance (moderation) advocates  Was to get people to drink moderately but people couldn’t  Shift in 1830s to total abstinence  Lyman Beecher and the American Temperance Union  Led by imperial figures  Washington Temperance Society  Led by Workers o Abolitionism  Antislavery movement by 1830  American Colonization Society, Founded 1816  Transport slaves back to Africa  William Lloyd Garrison  Begins publishing the Liberator, January 1, 1831  Immediate vs. gradual emancipation  New England Anti Slavery Society, 1832; American Anti- Slavery Society in 1833  Other leaders: Theodore Dwight Werd, Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, Charles Finney (Doerlin College)  Proslavery reactions to abolitionism after 1830 in South  Abolitionist Schism  Garrison and Christian Anarchism  The women Right’s Movement o Women’s Rights  Angelina and Sarah Grimke  Angelina said rights of slaves has made them better understand their own rights of women  Redefining the “cult of domesticity” and Republican motherhood  Katherine Beecher: said women could help them better raise children. People believed men dealt with public life, while women dealt with private life  Both important roles but people challenged the limiting opportunities  Seneca Falls meeting 1848  Organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Matt  Adopted resolutions calling for sexual equality and women’s ability to vote o The Common School Movement  1800 only MA required free public schools  By 1860 many more public schools but only 300 high schools in U.S.  1/3 being in New England Jacksonian Democracy: Politics

The rise of the party system o In 1824 Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, Jon Quincy Adams and Henry Clay all belonged to the Republic party of Thomas Jefferson o By 1830s Jackson and Van Buren led the Democratic Party; Adams and Clay led the Whig Party
Party Systems o Republican (Jefferson) v. Federalists (1796-1816) o Democrats v. Whigs (1828-1850s) o Democrats v. Republicans (1850s – present) o Democrats and Whigs were the first modern parties
Politics become more democratic o Property requirements to vote scaled down or eliminated o Written ballots replaced voting by voice  More democratic because when you vote by voice everyone knows how you voted and can be influenced by wanting the approval of your neighbors o Appointive offices become elective  Sheriffs, justices of peace, things we take for granted now  Haven’t been that many offices in early times that you got to vote for o Voters choose electors to electoral college  Buffer between the people and final choice of who gets to be president  You vote for electors who then vote for a president  Becomes more democratic during this period
Voter turnout o Politics still becoming more democratic o Voter participation rises among eligible voters and continues to go up through the 19th^ century o Vote for more things, voting is more democratic in nature, secret ballots, a lot more people take advantage of it
Election of 1824 o Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams o Adams appoints clay to secretary of state (second most powerful person in the executive office) most people didn’t think much of the vice presidency  People though this was fishy because clay supported Adams and then he elected clay o Thought Jackson was cheated out of the presidency o John Quincy Adams does win and becomes president in 1865
Results of 1824 elections o Election decided in House of Representatives o Corrupt Clay
Election of 1828

o Martin Van Buren elected in 1836  Economy collapsed in 1837  Wages fell 30-50%  “Martin Van Ruin”  Couldn’t do anything about it  It’s like being appointed captain of Titanic 10 minutes before it hits the iceberg o William Henry Harrison elected in 1840  Runs the log cabin campaign  Want someone with log cabin values again

Election of 1840 o Van Buren runs again but given all the bad things that have happened he didn’t have a chance
Westward Expansion o By the 1840s two issues came to dominate American politics:  Westward Expansion – manifest destiny  Slavery o Oregon county seen as next frontier  11,500 migrants to Oregon 1840-  Took 5 months to travel 2000 miles in a wagon
Texas and Tyler o Americans began settling in Texas in post 1815 cotton boom  Alabama Fever o Texas independence, 1836  From Mexico because it owned it, still wasn’t part of America though o William Henry Harrison dies April 1841; John Tyler becomes President o Tyler shreds Whig party program  Vetoed new national bank  Vetoed tariff bill  Was a terrible president himself
Election of 1844 o James K. Polk (Democrat)  Dark horse candidate: wasn’t expected to be the candidate before the convention o Henry Clay (Whig)  Grand ole men of American politics at the time o James G. Birney (Liberty)  Slavery parties o Polk wins the electoral vote and popular vote is pretty close; defeating the Whig
Polk and Oregon o Polk: short, thin, wry, workaholic, little sense of humor, strong will o Polk threatens war with Britain over Oregon

 Many in U.S. wanted territory to 54’ 40”  Polk negotiated for 49’ by threatening war  Treaty ratified June 15, 1846

Mexican War o Polk is an expansionist o Texas votes to accept annexation, July 1845  This will bring war with Mexico o The armies  Little new technology  Many Irish and German Catholics in regular army  Volunteers replace militia: most protestants from West and South o Polk orders Zachary Taylor to advance between Nueces and Rio Grande rivers o Polk sends John Slidell to Mexico City to negotiate  Up to $25 million for TX, NM, CA
Mexican War o Polk calls for war May 11, 1846  3 parts to this war o First Part: Zachary Taylor advances through northern Mexico  Meets Santa Anna at Battle of Buena Vista, February 22-23, 1847 o Second part of War: Col. Stephen Kearny captures Santa Fe o Third part of War: Scott advancing all the way down to Vera Cruz and capturing Mexico City itself
Mexican War o Americans capture California o Winfield Scott lands near Vera Cruz, captures Mexico City Sept. 1847 o Nicolas Trist negotiates Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo  %15 million for TC, NM, AZ, CA
Mexican War o Disaster for Mexico o Convinced US military it knew all about war  Everywhere they went the military was successful  They get their first experience of war and all of their tactics work o Defined the political context of the Civil War  Where will slavery be allowed and not allowed? o Wilmot Proviso  Prohibited slavery from territory captured from Mexico  Passed by House, not by Senate The Crises of the 1850s
Questions from the 1840s

Republican Experiment and the Constitution 1776 to 1796 | HIST 1100, Study notes of World History

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Republican Experiment and the Constitution 1776 to 1796 | HIST 1100 and more Study notes World History in PDF only on Docsity!