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RCLS Final | ACCURATE QUESTIONS
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Which of the following is a theory developed specifically by the leisure field? A. Cognitive dissonance B. Operant conditioning C. Social learning D. Serious leisure and specialization Rationale : This and other listed examples like arousal/engagement, place bonding, and constraints are unique or emphasized theories in leisure studies. Which of the following is a type of qualitative data collection? A. Surveys B. Multiple choice exams C. Semi-structured interviews D. T-tests Rationale : Semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and other listed methods are standard in qualitative research for collecting in-depth data. Qualitative research often asks the question: "why?" A. True B. False Rationale : Qualitative research aims to understand meaning and reasons behind behaviors, focusing on the “why.” Statistical techniques are just as useful with data that involves words, images, artifacts, sounds, or documents A. True B. False Rationale : Statistical techniques are typically suited to quantitative data. Qualitative data requires different analytic approaches. This type of vandalism occurs from doing what is most logical and natural, regardless of the intent of a facility's design A. Malicious vandalism B. Conflict vandalism C. Vindictive vandalism D. Play vandalism Rationale : Conflict vandalism arises when facility use clashes with design or policy, often unintentional. According to Nash's pyramid the worst types of behaviors were those that: A. Waste time
B. Harm society C. Are unproductive D. Are not recreational Rationale : Nash's hierarchy places activities that harm others or society at the bottom. While against the law, this type of tolerance is not considered a big deal, even by law enforcement. A. Criminal B. Deviant C. Civil D. Subcultural Rationale : Some minor crimes (e.g., underage drinking) may be socially tolerated despite being illegal. Our attitude towards the behavior of others that differs from our own is referred to as: A. Diversity B. Respect C. Tolerance D. Empathy Rationale : Tolerance refers to acceptance of others’ differing behaviors or beliefs. This kind of vandalism typically results from people feeling mistreated A. Conflict B. Malicious C. Play D. Vindictive Rationale : Malicious vandalism is driven by anger or perceived injustice. There are three criteria in the legal definition of gambling A. Risk, chance, and reward B. Effort, reward, and strategy C. Consideration, chance, prize D. Money, chance, risk Rationale : Legal gambling includes these three components: something of value given, a game of chance, and a potential prize. Which of the following is another word for "the Dark Side of Leisure"? A. High-risk recreation B. Taboo recreation C. Passive leisure D. Anti-leisure Rationale : Taboo or purple recreation refers to leisure activities considered socially unacceptable. What is one way of negotiating some of the leisure constraints people with disabilities face? A. More rest breaks B. Therapy C. Adapted sports
Rationale : Goodale highlights modern shifts in work-leisure values compared to ancient ideals. Leisure legacy from Ancient Greece A. Aristotle viewed leisure as the highest form of activity when done for its own sake B. Plato saw labor as ideal C. Work was more valued D. Leisure was only for children Rationale : Aristotle emphasized leisure as vital and intrinsically rewarding, restricted to elite males. This leisure activity dominates most people's leisure time: A. Reading B. Playing sports C. Watching TV D. Walking Rationale : Watching TV remains the most common leisure activity by time spent. This civilization popularized the notion of leisure as spectacle "bread and circuses": A. Roman B. Greek C. Chinese D. Egyptian Rationale : Romans used public entertainment to distract citizens and maintain control. Concerns for urban sprawl and the availability of open space led the way for this subindustry: A. Sports complexes B. Outdoor and resource-based recreation C. Fitness clubs D. Cruise industry Rationale : Growth of cities raised concern for green space, fueling outdoor recreation efforts. Seeking lavish entertainment and flaunting wealth grew out of this form of classism: A. Blue-collar class B. Working class C. Leisure class D. Service class Rationale : Veblen coined the term "leisure class" to describe conspicuous consumption by elites. Callois called the type of play that occurs in a "game" like a roller coaster ride: A. Agon B. Alea C. Mimicry D. Ilinx Rationale : Ilinx involves play through physical sensations, such as spinning or thrill rides.
The understanding of leisure as a "state of mind" allows for: A. Only structured recreation B. Intrinsic satisfaction, meaning, and freedom regardless of activity C. External rewards D. Only passive activities Rationale : Leisure as state of mind focuses on the personal meaning and freedom experienced. According to John Kelly's theory, ___________ leisure is freely chosen for intrinsic satisfaction. A. Casual B. Unconditional C. Obligatory D. Passive Rationale : Unconditional leisure represents the most intrinsically motivated and self- rewarding type. In Neulinger's paradigm, the distinction between leisure and non-leisure is made by: A. Perceived freedom B. Social norms C. Economic status D. Work schedules Rationale : Neulinger emphasized perceived freedom as central to the leisure experience. Iso-Ahola's concepts A. Leisure experiences are determined by self-determination and intrinsic motivation B. Leisure is based solely on activity type C. Only occurs in absence of work D. Leisure is non-social Rationale : Iso-Ahola viewed leisure through the lens of autonomy and motivation. A factor that inhibits our participation in leisure is known as a: A. Constraint B. Preference C. Norm D. Attitude Rationale : Constraints are categorized as intrapersonal, interpersonal, or structural barriers. If we're not allowed to join a league because of discrimination, we are experiencing: A. Intrapersonal constraint B. Interpersonal constraint C. Structural constraint D. Cultural bias Rationale : Interpersonal constraints arise from relationships and social discrimination. According to Bronfenbrenner, this system includes family, peers, and school: A. Microsystem
A. Malicious vandalism B. Conflict vandalism C. Play vandalism D. Ideological vandalism Correct Answer: B Rationale: Conflict vandalism arises from a misalignment between design intent and user behavior, not necessarily from malicious motives. According to Nash's pyramid, the worst types of behaviors were those that: A. Waste time B. Are socially accepted C. Harm society D. Are morally neutral Correct Answer: C Rationale: Nash categorized behaviors that harm society as the lowest and most detrimental form of leisure. While against the law, this type of tolerance is not considered a big deal, even by law enforcement: A. Civil B. Felony C. Criminal D. Administrative Correct Answer: C Rationale: Minor criminal offenses may be culturally tolerated despite legal prohibitions, reflecting informal social norms. Our attitude towards the behavior of others that differs from our own is referred to as: A. Prejudice B. Discrimination C. Tolerance D. Bias Correct Answer: C Rationale: Tolerance involves acceptance of behaviors, beliefs, or practices different from one’s own. This kind of vandalism typically results from people feeling mistreated: A. Play vandalism B. Malicious vandalism C. Conflict vandalism D. Cultural vandalism Correct Answer: B Rationale: Malicious vandalism is often a reaction to perceived mistreatment, aimed at causing harm or expressing resentment. There are three criteria in the legal definition of gambling: A. Competition, rules, prize B. Chance, luck, payment C. Consideration, chance, prize
D. Skill, risk, reward Correct Answer: C Rationale: Legal definitions of gambling generally include consideration (something of value), chance, and a prize. Which of the following is another word or name for "the Dark Side of Leisure"? A. Recreational leisure B. Purple recreation C. Passive leisure D. Informal leisure Correct Answer: B Rationale: Purple recreation refers to leisure activities that are socially unacceptable or deviant but still engaged in for enjoyment. What is one way of negotiating some of the leisure constraints people with disabilities face? A. Hiring a personal coach B. Using adapted sports C. Avoiding leisure altogether D. Shortening leisure time Correct Answer: B Rationale: Adapted sports modify rules, equipment, or environments to provide inclusive opportunities for people with disabilities. Technological advances brought music from performance halls to individual listening and therefore have lessened their impact as resistance A. True B. False Correct Answer: B (False) Rationale: Technology has increased access but can also amplify the impact of music as a tool of resistance and cultural expression. A dominant group of people who participate in a particular activity is referred to as: A. Out group B. Mainstreamers C. In group D. Cohort Correct Answer: C Rationale: The in-group refers to those who dominate or control a given social or leisure space or behavior. "Actions or processes that challenge constraints or challenge forms of oppression imposed by powerful others" is referred to as: A. Empowerment B. Resistance C. Tolerance D. Socialization Correct Answer: B
This civilization popularized the notion of leisure as spectacle “bread and circuses” where people were fed and watched violent entertainment: A. Greek B. Roman C. Egyptian D. Babylonian Correct Answer: B Rationale: The Roman Empire institutionalized large-scale spectacles like gladiatorial combat to placate and entertain the public. Concerns for urban sprawl and the availability of open space led the way for this subindustry of the leisure service industry: A. Sport tourism B. Digital recreation C. Outdoor and resource-based recreation D. Theme parks Correct Answer: C Rationale: Outdoor and resource-based recreation responds to urbanization by emphasizing nature conservation and public land use. Seeking lavish entertainment and flaunting wealth grew out of this form of classism: A. Gentry recreation B. Conspicuous leisure C. Leisure class D. Nouveau riche Correct Answer: C Rationale: The "leisure class" theory by Veblen highlights how the wealthy demonstrate status through extravagant, non-productive leisure. Callois called the type of play that occurs in a “game” like a roller coaster ride _______: A. Alea B. Mimicry C. Agon D. Illinx Correct Answer: D Rationale: “Illinx” refers to play that involves physical sensation and vertigo, such as spinning or thrill rides. The understanding of leisure as a “state of mind” allows for: A. Exclusion from work B. Uniform experiences C. Intrinsic satisfaction and self-expression D. Monetary reward Correct Answer: C Rationale: Leisure as a state of mind centers on subjective experiences, freedom, and personal meaning rather than the specific activity Kelly's theory says the degree of freedom people perceive in their leisure experience is central. A state of mind with high perceived freedom and intrinsic motivation is called:
A. Leisure-job B. Pure leisure C. Leisure-work D. Non-leisure Correct Answer: B Rationale: “Pure leisure” in Kelly’s theory refers to experiences that are freely chosen and intrinsically motivated, without any external obligation or pressure. This type of play involves competitions and skills: A. Mimicry B. Alea C. Illinx D. Agon Correct Answer: D Rationale: “Agon” represents competitive play based on skill and equality, such as in sports and games with set rules. This play type involves imagination and simulation: A. Illinx B. Agon C. Alea D. Mimicry Correct Answer: D Rationale: “Mimicry” is imaginative role-play where participants adopt make-believe identities or worlds, like in theatre or cosplay. Play that involves fate or luck, like gambling: A. Alea B. Illinx C. Mimicry D. Agon Correct Answer: A Rationale: “Alea” describes play governed by chance and randomness, with outcomes largely out of the player’s control, such as dice games or lotteries. What is not true of the concept of leisure and time in dominant U.S. culture? A. Leisure is seen as earned B. Time is neutral and unemotional C. Time is used for productivity D. Leisure is a reward for hard work Correct Answer: B Rationale: In U.S. culture, time is often viewed emotionally and competitively, not neutrally. It is seen as a resource to be used efficiently. In time-surplus cultures, rushing is viewed as a sign of intelligence and importance. A. True B. False Correct Answer: B (False)
Rationale: Leisure-work involves intrinsic motivation and enjoyment, but may also involve discipline or skill (e.g., painting, hiking). According to Kelly, leisure-job is: A. Extrinsically motivated, with some degree of perceived freedom B. A mandatory job performed at leisure centers C. Intrinsically rewarding with no obligations D. Free of any purpose Correct Answer: A Rationale: Leisure-job is chosen freely but mainly pursued for external rewards (e.g., coaching youth sports for payment). Which of the following is considered a social constraint to leisure? A. Limited money B. Work schedule C. Lack of nearby facilities D. Lack of companions Correct Answer: D Rationale: Social constraints involve interpersonal or relational barriers, such as not having someone to participate with. Which of the following is an example of a structural constraint? A. Negative attitude toward leisure B. Poor health C. No transportation D. Cultural taboo Correct Answer: C Rationale: Structural constraints are external barriers such as cost, facilities, or access, like lack of transportation. According to the constraints theory, constraints can be: A. Internal only B. External only C. Structural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal D. Mostly imaginary Correct Answer: C Rationale: Constraints theory identifies three categories: structural (external barriers), interpersonal (social factors), and intrapersonal (psychological factors). One example of intrapersonal constraint is: A. Feeling anxious about participating B. Lack of money C. No accessible park D. Conflict with schedule Correct Answer: A Rationale: Intrapersonal constraints arise within the individual, including emotions, beliefs, or personal limitations. People can still participate in leisure despite constraints by: A. Avoiding all barriers
B. Substituting different activities C. Giving up entirely D. Ignoring safety Correct Answer: B Rationale: Negotiation of constraints can involve adapting or substituting activities to still enjoy leisure despite limitations Research designed to judge the quality and performance of programs and services is referred to as:
- Ans - qualitative/applied Reliability vs. Validity: Results of a study are considered to be reliable when researchers determine that the data collected are related to the exact phenomena under study. - Ans - false When time and resources are limited, qualitative data is faster to collect and easier to analyze - Ans - false Qualitative research is based on a numerical approach to data collection and analysis - Ans - false What does GPS stand for? - Ans - Global positioning system What is the document that outlines and contributes to health of the nation, this document is called what? - Ans - Healthy living 2020 What does GIS stand for - Ans - Geographical Information system. What type of leadership requires the needs of others and puts them before your own? - Ans - servant leadership . What program allows you to schedule meetings, Active Network or Signup Genius? - Ans - Signup Genius. True or False- Volunteers are required to be covered with a risk management plan. - Ans - True What is one condition where a waiver will not be held accountable? - Ans - Describe one of the priorities focused in the document Healthy Living 2020: - Ans - Environmental List 2 categories of financial risk under risk management. - Ans -
Type of technology that shows layers of land and different uses - Ans - GIS What type of business would use Razor's Edge - Ans - Not-for-profit. What are pooled reserves - Ans - One agency has money reserved Know components of Healthy Living 2020 - Ans - Is a hostile takeover a type of partnership? - Ans - No What is a motivating factor in the Hertzberg Model? - Ans - Ego/self-actualization. What has to be present for a partnership (definition)? - Ans - Trust, cooperation, 2 or more parties, voluntary. What is Proragis? - Ans - source of data standards and insights for park and recreation agencies. What is a category in frequency if injury? - Ans - low. What is the population of people where waivers do not cover them? - Ans - Leadership style: skill level, how interact. - Ans - True or False- Does position factor into leadership. - Ans - false What software allows you to pull participant records, payments - Ans - Recware Example of a financial partnership. - Ans - Land Leases What is an example of cooperative programming partnership? - Ans - YMCA What is the very first step you should take for the proceed/precede model? - Ans - Ask about needs/ priorities. What is a software where people can buy tickets for a concert? - Ans – This idea from the life course perspective that our lives are interdependent, and that those close to us help shape and support our behavior is known as: - ANSWER Linked Lives
This generational cohort came of age in the 1960s. These folks were your hippies, antiwar protesters, and attendees of Woodstock. They work hard and play hard, and will comprise the largest senior citizen population in US history. - ANSWER Baby Boomers To compete in Senior Games, you must be at least: - ANSWER 50 years old Colloquially referred to as the "Baby On Board" generation, this generation prefers collective activities. They're more likely to volunteer for community service (when compared to other generations). - ANSWER Millennials The values and social norms we learn from sports and other activities are good examples of how we are - ANSWER Socialized through leisure into through our families and peers A group of individuals born during the same time period is known as a: - ANSWER Cohort This social movement aims to challenge the epidemic of overworking and overscheduling that riddles many American adults looking for a work-life balance: - ANSWER Take Back Time Movement Giving back is central to this stage of life - ANSWER Older Adulthood When parents introduce children to organized sports and other types of family leisure, we say that children are being - ANSWER? According to Bronfenbrenner, this sphere of influence or developmental system is the interaction between interpersonal groups closest to us such as families, peers, school, and church: - ANSWER Mesosystems Methodology can be described as - Ans - the discovery of reality through agreement One attempts to learn about the world we live in come from - Ans - direct experience, tradition, direct personal inquiry, authority (all choices) Pregnant at age 15, Tammy decided to have the baby. Her parents were upset with her decision and threatened to "cut her off" if she did not complete high school. A difficult pregnancy and embarrassment resulted in her dropping out of school. After the baby was born, her parents said that they would raise the baby but that she would have to leave the house. At age 16, Tammy was on her own and without any money or job market skills. She began to work as a prostitute. This explanation of Tammy's prostitution is: - Ans - idiographic
One of your friends scored in the 90s on her last ten exams. Although she has been studying for this exam and feels prepared, she told you, "I know I'm going to flunk this exam. I've been doing too well on exams." Your friend is committing the error of - Ans - illogical reasoning Some people claim that social scientists merely document the obvious. How might a social scientist respond to this claim? - Ans - - What appears obvious may be incorrect. - What appears obvious may not have been, before the findings of the social scientist were reported.
- People may know something is so, without knowing why it is so—social science aims at both tasks.
- It is important to test things that everyone already knew—they could be wrong. ALL OF THESE ARE RESPONSES TO THE CLAIM After examining divorce court records, Jenny concludes that moms are more likely than dads to obtain custody of their children. This statement is: - Ans - nomothetic and probabilistic Which of the following is NOT an aim of social science? - Ans - judging social values, predicting social phenomena, understanding social regularities, explaining social regularities ALL OF THESE ARE AIMS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Sally begins to think about the grades she receives for class participation. Recalling her prior semester she writes down that she received a 10/10 from Ms. Smith and a 9/ from Ms. Baxter, 4/10 from Mr. Cagney, 3/10 from Mr. Wiley and 10/10 from Ms. Dona. Examining the list she realizes that she spoke a lot in classes with Smith, Baxter and Dona and very little in her other two classes. She also notices that the classes in which she spoke have female instructors and that she rarely spoke in the two classes with male instructors. She then begins to list all her college courses, the gender of the professor and whether or not she spoke in class. She notices that she tends to speak in classes where the instructor is female and rarely speaks when the instructor is male and that her class participation grades are higher when she speaks more. Sally is using
- Ans - inductive reasoning Safeguards against error in social research include - Ans - making observations more deliberate, replications under slightly varying circumstances, the use of simple and complex measurement devices, totally independent replications by other researchers ALL OF THESE CHOICES ARE SAFEGUARDS AGAINST ERROR In comparison to nonscientific inquiry, scientific inquiry... - Ans - takes special precaution to avoid error
An independent variable is a.... - Ans - variable influencing other variables Which of the following is most clearly a list of variables? - Ans - occupation, political party preference, birthrate Samantha agreed to participate in a study about use of health care facilities. After completing a questionnaire on her use of various medical facilities, she declined to participate in an interview session. The researchers insisted that since she agreed to participate, she had to participate in the interview session. Which of the following ethical considerations were the researchers most clearly violating? - Ans - voluntary participation Which of the following views of reality does the statement "Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder" best reflect? - Ans - the modern view Which of the following is TRUE of quantification? - Ans - It often makes our observations more explicit. It can make it easier to aggregate data. It can make it easier to summarize data. It opens up the possibility of statistical analysis ALL OF THESE ARE TRUE The two pillars of science are - Ans - logic and observation Nomothetic explanations - Ans - seek to explain a class or situations or events Which of the following statements is TRUE? - Ans - The qualitative approach tends to align with idiographic explanations Which view acknowledges that there is no objective reality, only subjective views? - Ans
- postmodernism Causal reasoning suggest - Ans - present circumstances cause future circumstances A particular society takes the position that alternative views of reality are legitimate. Which view is this? - Ans - modern Samantha has concluded that living in a coed residence hall makes residents more androgynous. As she continues her research, she tends to focus on events and situations that fit this pattern. Which error in inquiry is reflected? - Ans - selective observation
