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RCLS FINAL EXAM ALL CURRENT
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Which statement is not true about the concepts of leisure and time for the majority of the US culture? A. People often view time as a limited resource B. People react to time in a neutral and unemotional manner C. Time is associated with productivity D. Leisure is often secondary to work Correct Answer: B Rationale: In the U.S., people typically have emotional and value-laden reactions to time, often viewing it as something to manage tightly. In time-surplus cultures, rushing is viewed as a sign of intelligence and importance. A. True B. False Correct Answer: B Rationale: In time-surplus cultures, rushing is generally frowned upon and not equated with intelligence or status. The idea that work is the center of life is called: A. Life ethic B. Capitalism C. Work ethic D. Production theory Correct Answer: C Rationale: The "work ethic" is a belief that hard work is morally beneficial and central to life’s purpose. When a person is driving, listening to the radio, and talking to their friend on a cell phone, they are experiencing: A. Multi-task fatigue B. Time blocking C. Temporal displacement
D. Time deepening Correct Answer: D Rationale: Time deepening refers to trying to do multiple things simultaneously to make more efficient use of time. Carol typically spent her long weekends camping at a special state park. Over time, the number of campers forced her to change her camping frequency. This is an example of: A. Spatial displacement B. Temporal displacement C. Crowding out D. Substitution Correct Answer: B Rationale: Temporal displacement refers to changing the timing of an activity due to conditions like crowding. Qualitative approaches use all of the following methods except: A. Interviews B. Observations C. Counts D. Textual analysis Correct Answer: C Rationale: Counts are associated with quantitative, not qualitative, research. This type of research uses deductive methods and number-based data: A. Qualitative B. Mixed-method C. Action D. Quantitative Correct Answer: D Rationale: Quantitative research relies on measurable data and deductive reasoning. Leisure Studies is: A. A branch of psychology B. A single-discipline field C. A discipline from multiple areas D. Strictly sociological Correct Answer: C Rationale: Leisure Studies is interdisciplinary, drawing from sociology, psychology, and more.
A. Experimental B. Quantitative C. Qualitative D. Survey-based Correct Answer: C Rationale: Qualitative research emphasizes discovery and meaning-making using rich data. Which of the following is not unique to Leisure Studies? A. Recreation theory B. Play analysis C. Studies on adolescent development D. Tourism behavior Correct Answer: C Rationale: Adolescent development is a broader topic studied in psychology and other fields. Communities in large cities where Chinese is the dominant language and culture reflect: A. Assimilation B. Acculturation C. Integration D. Ethnocentrism Correct Answer: B Rationale: Acculturation occurs when cultural elements are exchanged between dominant and minority groups. Contrary to the standard view, new data suggest that prehistoric people: A. Worked more than we thought B. Had less leisure C. Had more leisure than assumed D. Lacked social structures Correct Answer: C Rationale: Archaeological studies indicate prehistoric people may have had more leisure time than modern humans. The process of enculturation through leisure occurs when: A. A subculture creates its own norms B. People choose their leisure freely C. Dominant cultural leisure is taught to a less dominant culture D. People resist cultural change Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Enculturation involves cultural transmission, often through activities like leisure. Economic development not only improves living standards, but also enhances local cultural uniqueness. A. True B. False Correct Answer: B Rationale: Economic development often leads to cultural homogenization rather than uniqueness. Postmodernism is: A. A return to traditional values B. A rejection of leisure C. A breakdown of old certainties and standards due to modernity D. A theory about work Correct Answer: C Rationale: Postmodernism challenges established truths and values in a modern context. Which of the following is false about media in the United States? A. It can reinforce stereotypes B. It influences public opinion C. It lacks diversity and is fair D. It shapes culture Correct Answer: C Rationale: Media is often criticized for lacking fairness and diversity. Jasmine and Rosemary associate with different groups despite being twins. These groups are examples of: A. Norms B. Subcultures C. Social statuses D. Cultural norms Correct Answer: B Rationale: Subcultures are subgroups within a culture with distinct values or interests. Leisure in modern societies is more traditional and slow-paced. A. True B. False Correct Answer: B Rationale: Modern leisure is fast-paced, commercialized, and often technology-based.
Correct Answer: C Rationale: Folk culture includes traditional, community-based practices like local festivals. Which of the following best describes common culture in industrialized societies? A. It is based on oral traditions B. It is mediated entertainment C. It is tribal and ritual-based D. It is static and unchanging Correct Answer: B Rationale: In industrialized societies, culture is often consumed via mass media. Roots of the amusement park go back to: A. The Renaissance B. Ancient Rome C. The Middle Ages D. The Industrial Revolution Correct Answer: C Rationale: Early forms of public entertainment, like fairs and festivals, trace back to medieval times. Twitter is an example of: A. Folk culture B. Elite culture C. Pop culture D. Sacred culture Correct Answer: C Rationale: Twitter is part of popular culture due to its widespread use and influence. American popular music is pluralistic, meaning: A. It’s only instrumental B. It avoids religious topics C. It is socially, religiously, and ethnically diverse D. It originated solely from European traditions Correct Answer: C Rationale: Pluralism refers to diversity and inclusion of multiple cultural elements. The "more is more" effect refers to the finding that people who use the internet are also more involved in other active and creative leisure pursuits. A. True B. False
Correct Answer: A Rationale: Studies show internet users often engage more in other leisure forms, not less. According to Russell, amusement parks are now called: A. Mega centers B. Leisure centers C. Theme parks D. Entertainment zoos Correct Answer: C Rationale: Modern amusement parks are typically themed (e.g., Disney, Universal). Individuals drag racing at night without headlights are participating in what type of vandalism? A. Senseless vandalism B. Thrill vandalism C. Tactical vandalism D. Angry vandalism Correct Answer: B Rationale: Thrill vandalism is motivated by excitement or adrenaline, not intent to destroy. Which of the following does not describe vandalism as it relates to this unit? A. Malicious B. Ideological C. Creative D. Not the summer and fall answer Correct Answer: D Rationale: The phrase "not the summer and fall answer" appears to be a placeholder; all other choices are valid vandalism types covered in leisure studies. Dustin's standard of goodness: A. Is subjective B. Comes from his values C. Reflects social norms D. All of the above Correct Answer: D Rationale: Personal standards are shaped by individual, cultural, and social influences. Eitzen’s (1984) research on spectator violence concluded that the main trigger was: A. Alcohol consumption
Throwing trash out of a car window is an example of: A. Malicious vandalism B. Ideological vandalism C. Senseless vandalism D. Slovenly vandalism Correct Answer: D Rationale: Slovenly vandalism refers to careless or negligent destruction of property. Antisocial acts and crimes with victims are forms of taboo recreation due to sensate mentality, meaning: A. People act without moral awareness B. Sensory experience defines wrongness C. It’s part of cultural rituals D. There’s no consequence Correct Answer: B Rationale: Sensate mentality emphasizes what can be physically sensed as right or wrong. EuroDisney had to adjust to social and cultural time differences between the U.S. and France. A. True B. False Correct Answer: A Rationale: EuroDisney made operational and cultural changes to appeal to European audiences. Photoperiodism, celestial orientation, and endogenous rhythms are all examples of: A. Cultural habits B. Religious cycles C. Biological time D. Artificial time Correct Answer: C Rationale: These terms refer to biologically driven time cycles in humans and animals. Understanding time, work, and leisure relationships helps individuals make healthier life choices. A. True B. False Correct Answer: A Rationale: Awareness of time allocation enhances life satisfaction and well-being.
Methodology can be described as: A. A scientific guess B. The way to create experiments C. The discovery of reality through agreement D. A political theory Correct Answer: C Rationale: Methodology involves systematic processes to arrive at shared understanding. We attempt to learn about the world through: A. Direct experience B. Tradition C. Authority D. All of the above Correct Answer: D Rationale: Knowledge is built from experience, social learning, and authoritative sources Tammy’s story—becoming a prostitute after facing life hardships—is best explained by which approach? A. Nomothetic B. Probabilistic C. Idiographic D. Comparative Correct Answer: C Rationale: An idiographic explanation focuses on a single case and the specific, unique factors involved. Which of the following is FALSE concerning the use of tradition in inquiry? A. It helps avoid the task of starting from scratch in our search for regularities B. It demonstrates that knowledge is cumulative C. The jumping-off part for the development of knowledge is often the inherited body of information D. It enables us to seek a different understanding of what we all know to be true Correct Answer: D Rationale: Tradition often reinforces existing knowledge, not alternative understandings. Today, social scientific theory addresses: A. What should be B. How things are C. What must be done D. Why science is superior Correct Answer: B
B. Location C. Race D. Sexual activity Correct Answer: C Rationale: The study investigates how sexual activity varies by race, making race the independent variable. Which of the following does NOT suggest the misuse of authority? A. Athletes endorsing cereals B. Celebrities judging coffee flavors C. Social scientists discussing inequality D. Politicians making medical claims Correct Answer: C Rationale: Social scientists speaking on topics within their field is appropriate use of authority. A friend with consistently high test scores says she will now fail because she's “due for failure.” This is an example of: A. Overgeneralization B. Illogical reasoning C. Selective observation D. Biased logic Correct Answer: B Rationale: Illogical reasoning includes believing outcomes must “balance out” despite no causal link. How might social scientists respond to the claim that they only document the obvious? A. What appears obvious may actually be false B. Social science findings often make the obvious clearer C. Testing common beliefs can reveal new insights D. All of the above Correct Answer: D Rationale: All these responses challenge the notion that social science lacks depth or value. Jenny concludes that moms are more likely than dads to get child custody. Her statement is: A. Idiographic and deterministic B. Nomothetic and probabilistic C. Subjective and anecdotal D. Normative and prescriptive
Correct Answer: B Rationale: Nomothetic = general patterns; probabilistic = applies in most, not all, cases. Which of the following is NOT an aim of social science? A. Judging social values B. Predicting social phenomena C. Understanding social regularities D. Explaining social regularities Correct Answer: A Rationale: Social science is descriptive and explanatory, not normative (it doesn’t judge values) The concept that leisure is freely chosen and intrinsically satisfying is most closely associated with: A. Serious leisure B. Compensatory leisure C. Intrinsic leisure D. Pure leisure Correct Answer: D Rationale: According to John Kelly, "pure leisure" is leisure that is freely chosen and enjoyed for its own sake. Which of the following best represents the idea of ‘time deepening’? A. Scheduling leisure into calendars B. Spending more time sleeping C. Multitasking leisure and work activities D. Taking a vacation Correct Answer: C Rationale: Time deepening refers to doing multiple activities simultaneously to maximize time efficiency, such as driving while talking on the phone and listening to music. Temporal displacement refers to: A. The ability to stop time B. Changing the type of activity due to dissatisfaction C. Changing when an activity is done due to external factors D. Taking time off work Correct Answer: C Rationale: Temporal displacement is when individuals shift the timing of their leisure activities in response to external pressures like crowding or availability. The act of applying different research methods to validate findings is called: A. Blending B. Quantification
A. Universal time B. Temporal displacement C. Cultural differences in time perception D. Media bias Correct Answer: C Rationale: EuroDisney had to adapt its operations to cultural norms regarding time in France, which differed from the U.S. Photoperiodism, celestial orientation, and endogenous rhythms are all part of what type of time? A. Cultural time B. Mechanical time C. Biological time D. Social time Correct Answer: C Rationale: These terms describe how living organisms regulate their behavior based on internal biological processes and natural cues. Understanding time, work, and leisure relationships can help individuals: A. Maximize profits B. Become famous C. Make healthier life choices D. Travel more Correct Answer: C Rationale: Knowledge of time-use patterns and their effects can support improved well- being and life satisfaction. Methodology in research is best described as: A. Random guessing B. The study of myths C. The discovery of reality through agreement D. A social norm Correct Answer: C Rationale: Methodology refers to the process of how knowledge is systematically obtained and validated through agreed-upon research methods. We attempt to learn about our world through: A. Direct experience B. Tradition C. Authority D. All of the above Correct Answer: D
Rationale: People gain knowledge through multiple sources including personal experience, social traditions, and trusted authorities. Researchers Juliet Shor and Godbey & Robinson agree that
- Ans - people today are finding they feel more stress at work and leisure To approach the day with speed and impetuosity is referred to as
- Ans - time urgency Sally begins to think about the grades she receives for class participation. Recalling her prior semester she writes down that she received a 10/10 from Ms. Smith and a 9/ from Ms. Baxter, 4/10 from Mr. Cagney, 3/10 from Mr. Wiley and 10/10 from Ms. Dona. Examining the list she realizes that she spoke a lot in classes with Smith, Baxter and Dona and very little in her other two classes. She also notices that the classes in which she spoke have female instructors and that she rarely spoke in the two classes with male instructors. She then begins to list all her college courses, the gender of the professor and whether or not she spoke in class. She notices that she tends to speak in classes where the instructor is female and rarely speaks when the instructor is male and that her class participation grades are higher when she speaks more. Sally is using - Ans - inductive reasoning Safeguards against error in social research include - Ans - making observations more deliberate, replications under slightly varying circumstances, the use of simple and complex measurement devices, totally independent replications by other researchers ALL OF THESE CHOICES ARE SAFEGUARDS AGAINST ERROR In comparison to nonscientific inquiry, scientific inquiry... - Ans - takes special precaution to avoid error An independent variable is a.... - Ans - variable influencing other variables Which of the following is most clearly a list of variables? - Ans - occupation, political party preference, birthrate Samantha agreed to participate in a study about use of health care facilities. After completing a questionnaire on her use of various medical facilities, she declined to participate in an interview session. The researchers insisted that since she agreed to participate, she had to participate in the interview session. Which of the following ethical considerations were the researchers most clearly violating? - Ans - voluntary participation
objection that social regularities could be upset through the conscious will of the actors is not a serious challenge to social science Vanesha wishes to use church attendance as a factor in her study, with the categories "none," "some," and "a lot." Church attendance and the categories are known, respectively, as: - Ans - variable and attribute Juanita decided to study the differences among students who choose different majors. Everyone in her study, however, has chosen sociology as a major. Which one of the following can be said about her concept of choice of major? - Ans - one of her variables isn't really a variable because it has only one attribute Joe wished to explain every possible reason why his sister chose to attend State University, including personal, family, school, peer, and other types of influences. What Joe is doing is called - Ans - an idiographic explanation The distinction between quantitative and qualitative data in social research is essentially the distinction between - Ans - numerical and non numerical data Nora observed people in her Sunday School for several months and then determined if there was a pattern in the different responses of men and women. Which one of the following approaches is reflected? - Ans - inductive Makita studied the literature on binge drinking and discovered a pattern between gender and binge drinking that might be logically and theoretically expected. She then did her study of college students and drinking. Which approach is reflected? - Ans - deductive Barb studied coping mechanisms among first-year students by requiring them to attend a first-year seminar. Which ethical principle was violated? - Ans - voluntary participation Charley did a study in the lab and he severely berated the subjects when they arrived because he wanted to examine the effect of berating on performance. Several of the subjects became very upset. Which ethical principle was violated? - Ans - no harm to participants Dorsey wanted to use the results of her research on juvenile delinquents to develop a community program to reduce delinquency. What type of research is reflected in this example? - Ans - applied Dunn was interested in learning more about the negotiation processes couples use when they argue. He was interested in this for its own sake and had no plans to use the results to help improve couples' lives. What type of research is reflected in this example? - Ans
The attributes of the variable college class level include: - Ans - first-year, sophomore, junior, senior Which one of the following represents an aggregate of people? - Ans - a collection of 18 - year-old students asked about their voting patterns Bernardo argues that nothing is really real and that what people see is a product of their position in society. Which perspective is reflected? - Ans - postmodern Igor studied students at his community college and noticed that a slim majority carried no books to class. Then he saw a new set of people in the distance and concluded before seeing them that they would definitely be carrying books to class because someone should do that, especially since he had just seen students without books. Which error in inquiry is reflected? - Ans - illogical reasoning If you notice two freshmen women in your dorm dressing up excessively to go to class, and assume that ALL freshmen women dress up excessively, you have engaged in - Ans - overgeneralization When you notice two freshmen women in your form dressing up excessively to attend classes, and assume that ALL freshmen women dress up excessively, AND you therefore choose only to observe those freshmen women who dress up, and disregard those who do not dress up, you have committed the error known as - Ans - selective observation The study of social science is interested in ______ patterns, and not ______ ones - Ans
- social; individual Ralph conducts an experiment in which he measures aggression in school children at different levels of temperature during recess. The independent and dependent variables are ________________. - Ans - the levels of temperature; the level of aggression In any given study, gender is a(n) ________, whereas being male or female is a(n)____
- Ans - variable Scientific ________ deals with the logical aspect of science, whereas _________ deals with the observational aspect. - Ans - theory; data collection When individuals rely on their own experiences as a basis for knowledge about the world, they are using - Ans - personal inquiry
