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Diagnostic imaging - ✔✔Radiology, nuclear med, photography, mico imaging, and other types Radiography - ✔✔Most common subspecialty. It uses x-rays to produce a diagnostic imaging. X-rays - ✔✔Are a form of invisible radiation. Produced when a positively charged metal plate inside a vacuum is bombarded with a stream of electrons. They have short wavelengths and contain so much energy that they are able to pass through the body
Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Final Exam
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Radiography (roentgenography) - ✔✔The patient is placed between the x-ray machine and a large, flat, silver x-ray plate. The beams travel through the body to the plate. Imaging is in different shades of black, white, and gray that relate to the density of various tissues. Radiolucent - ✔✔areas of low density Radiopaque - ✔✔Areas of high density dia- - ✔✔complete; completely through gnos/o - ✔✔knowledge
Dems - ✔✔what you measure radiation exposure in Dosimetry - ✔✔process of measuring the amount of radiation exposure, detected and measured by dosimeter dos/i - ✔✔dose Lead apron - ✔✔Lead doesn't let x-rays pass through because it's so dense. Therefore, lead aprons are used to shield parts of the patients body that are not being x-rayed; they are also worn by the radiology department if they are in the room. plain film - ✔✔any radiograph that is taken without the use of radiopaque contrast dye
portable film - ✔✔radiograph taken at the patients bedside on the nursing unit or in the ER department when the patient cannot be transported scout film - ✔✔preliminary x-ray that is taken to provide an initial view of an area before a radiopaque contrast dye is administered x-ray cassette and bucky - ✔✔a cassette is the case that holds the x-ray film. A bucky is an adjustable frame that is mounted on the wall, beneath the x-ray table, or is a mobile frame on wheels. It positions and holds the x-ray cassette PA chest x-ray (postanterior) - ✔✔This x-ray mean enters the patient's posterior upper back, exits through the anterior chest, and enters the x-ray plate Position: the patient is standing position with the anterior chest next to the x-ray plate, and the x-ray machine to their back. This is the most common type of xray
Position: the patient can be standing or lying Cross-table lateral x-ray - ✔✔the x-ray beam enters the patients chest and abdomen from the side. Position: the patient is lying on his/her back on the x-ray table, the x-ray plate is on one side, and the x-ray machine is on the other. the x-ray beam travels across the x-ray table Lateral decubitus x-ray - ✔✔the x-ray beam enters the patient's chest and abdomen from the side The patient is lying on his/her side on the x-ray table, the x-ray plate is beneath the x-ray table, and the x-ray machine is overhead. The patient is lying on left side
flat plate of the abdomen - ✔✔the x-ray beam enters the patient's abdomen, exists through the lower back, and enters the x-ray plate The patient is lying on his/her back on the x-ray table, the x-ray plate is beneath the x-ray table, and the x-ray machine is overhead. Flat plate means that the patient is lying down flat with the x-ray plate beneath KUB - ✔✔The x-ray beam enters the patient's chest and abdomen, exists through the back, and enters the x-ray plate. The patient is lying on his or her back on the x-ray table, the x-ray plate is beneath the x-ray table, and the x-ray machine is overhead, KUB stands for kidneys, ureters, and bladder because it's the organs being x-rayed Mammography - ✔✔uses x-rays to create an image of the breast. They are compressed to lessen the thickness and improve the quality of the image. They
What are the two types of bone density tests - ✔✔DEXA and QCT DEXA - ✔✔Or DXA scan uses two x-ray beams with different energy levels to create a two-dimensional image. This can detect as little as 1% percent loss of bone QCT - ✔✔Quantitative computerized tomography uses x-rays and a CT scan to create a three-dimensional image. It is able to take separate density measurements for the different areas within a bone CAT - ✔✔Computerized axial tomography /or CT (computerized tomography) uses x-rays and a computer to create an image. It shows all types of tissues, but soft tissues are the most clear. The patient lies on a narrow bed inside the CT scanner. The x-ray emitter moves in a circle around the patient, while the x-ray detector moves along the opposite side of the circle. The computer makes a two dimensional image or slice. Them the x-ray emitter and detector move a short
distance and begin the process to create another image. The radiologist views each of these images; together they make 3-d imaged interventional radiology - ✔✔When a CT scan is used to guide the insertion of a needle Angiography - ✔✔Iodinated contrast dye gets injected into the blood vessels. DSA - ✔✔digital subtraction angiograph. Two images are obtained, one with contrast dye and one without it. A computer will then compare the two images and digitally subtracts parts with soft tissue, bones, and muscle, just leaving the image with blood vessels. Rotational angiography - ✔✔the x-ray machine moves around the area to be examined, taking multiple x-rays after contrast dye has been injected. the computer creates a 3 - d image that can be rotated and viewed from all angles. this
anthrography - ✔✔Iodinated contrast dye is injected into a joint. The dye outlines the bones, joint capsules, and soft tissue structures anthrogram barium enema - ✔✔barium contrast medium is inserted into the rectum. The barium outlines the colon and rectum and shows tumors, polyps, or diverticula in the bowel wall. Double contrast enema - ✔✔The barium is removed and air is instilled as a second contrast. Fluroscopy and individual radiographs are done to document the procedure Cholangiography - ✔✔Iodinated contrast dye is injected intravenously. The dye travels through the blood to the liver and is then excreted with bile into the gallbladder. It outlines the gallbladder and bile ducts and shows thickening of the gallbladder wall and gallstones.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - ✔✔an endoscope is passed through the mouth and down into the duodenum. A catheter is passed through the endoscope and contrast dye is injected to visualize the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct Cholecytography - ✔✔Iodinated contrast dye is taken in a tablet form. After the tablet dissolves in the small intestine, the dye enters the blood, is process by the liver, and then extreted with bile into the gallbladder. It outlines the gallbladder and shows thickening of the gallbladder and gallstones Hysterosalpingography - ✔✔Iodinated contrast dye is inserted through a cathater that was inserted through tha vagina and into the uterus. The dye oulines the cavity of the uterus and the uterine tubes and shows narrowing, scarring, and blockage of the tubes
pyel/o- - ✔✔renal pelvis Upper gastrointestinal series - ✔✔Barium contrast medium as a liquid is swallowed. The barium outlines the esophagus and stomach to show ulcers and blockage. This is also known as a barium swallow. To check a patients ability to swallow, liquid barium is mixed with crackers and swallowed flurospscopy - ✔✔uses continuous x-rays to capture the moving images of the internal organs as they occur. the x-rays pass through the patients body to a fluorescent screen that transforms the x-ray into wavelengths of light. It is used to follow the movement of iodinated contrast dye during cardiac catherization or angiography, and follow barium contrast Cinerdiography - ✔✔entire fluroscopy recorded digitaly
MRI - ✔✔Uses a scanner and a strong magnetic field to align protons in the atoms of the patients body by high-frequency radiowaves sent through the patients body so the protons can absorb the radiowaves and emit signals, which will create an image Does not emit ex-rays, no radiation Best for showing soft tissue, blood vessels, intervertebral disks, muscles, nerves, organs, tumor and MRA Modified MRI - ✔✔Not encolsed in all sides and ideal for pediatric, older adult, claustrophobic, anxious or obese patients Ultrasonography - ✔✔Uses pulses of inaudible, ultra high frequency sound waves to create an image. Sound waves are reflected as echos from internal structures. The echoes are then changed into electric signals and analyzed by a computer
Transeophageal echocardiography - ✔✔May be ordered when a standard echocardiogram cannnot produce a good image. During a tee, a patient swallows an edoscope that contains tiny sound wave-emitting transucer at its tip. doppler ultrasonography - ✔✔Uses high frequency sound waves and doppler technology to produce audible sound of blood flow through an artery. The transducer emits and then collects reflected sounwaves. If the arter is patent, a loud swish swish swish will be heard as blood is pumped through. If it is blocked, little or no sound will be heard Color flow duplex - ✔✔combines a two-dimensional ultrasound with doppler technology to create an image that shows anatomy as well as colors that correlate to the velocity, direction, and turbulence of the blood flow in that area Electron beam tomography - ✔✔Uses a beam of electrons and a computer to create an image. EBT is known as a full body scan, although only the area from
shoulders to the upper legs is actually scanned. They are considered screening tests, not diagnotics X-ray exposure to radiation - ✔✔Radiography=yes fluoroscopy=yes mamogram=yes bone density testing=yes ct=yes electron beam if combined with ct=yes electron beam=no radiowaves and magnetic field-no ultra high ferquency sound waves ultra, echo, doppler=no
