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Psychology 101 Exam 1 Questions and
Answers Rated A+
The scientific study of behavior & mental processes
Psychology
"the way you think" is the _________, is NOT directly observable.
mental process
Psychology DOES NOT rely on:
common sense
"the way you act" is _________, its directly observable
behavior
The Goals of Psychology:
- Description: describes the issue (no details)
- Explanation: wants to know why, understanding the actual cause (either/or)
- Prediction: trying to prevent things from happening
- Change: applying the knowledge gained to implement change
A researcher identifying a gene that makes people become obese is an example of which goal of psychology?
explanation
The thought that more playground accidents occur because children watch batman instead of watching power rangers is an example of which goal of psychology?
prediction
The thought that we should use sex ed to prevent pregnancy is an example of which goal of psychology?
change
If studies show that women with a college education make less than men is an example of which goal of psychology?
description
The belief that the mind does not cease to exist when the body dies & that thoughts and ideas can exist separately from the body is
Dualism
The concept know as Dualism was created by:
Plato & Socrates
Tabula Rosa means
blank slate
Who believes we gain knowledge though observations in life experiences?
John Locke
School of psychology that focused on how organisms use their learning and perceptual abilities to function in their environment is
Functionalism
Goal of Functionalism is to:
understand what is the function and purpose of our psychological traits
Founder of Psychoanalysis:
Sigmund Freud
Unconscious drivers can influence ____:
behaviors
Focuses on uncovering the general principles of learning in both human & animal behavior, focuses on observable behavior:
Behaviorism
Reaching our fullest potential, becoming the best version of ourselves:
Self-actualization
we strive for this
Focus on perception, thinking, memory, how people interpret event actually matters
Cognitivism
Assumes that behaviors are motivated by internal factors unavailable to the conscious mind:
Psychodynamic approach
Concentrates on observable behavior that can be directly measured and recorded
Behavioral approach
Assumes that people are innately good and that mental and social problems result from deviations from this natural tendency , involves self-actualzation
Humanistic approach
Focuses on the workings of the human brain and how we process information we collect from our environments, focuses on perception:
Cognitive approach
Includes the study of biological bases of behavior and the structure and function of the nervous system
Biological approach
Explores ways in which patterns of human behavior may be beneficial to people's survival, the modern day functionalism, based on the works of Darwin:
Evolutionary approach
Examines the influence of social and cultural factors on human behavior and mental processes
Sociocultural perspective
Combining other frameworks into one perspective:
Eclectic approach
I am studying the advantages of aggressive behavior in the survival of humans over time:
evolutionary
My study examines how the brain processes information about threats and the decision-making process in engaging in aggressive behavior:
cognitive
I am interested in studying the unconscious childhood conflicts that might lead to later aggressive behavior:
psychodynamic
I am studying how socioeconomic status impacts aggressive behavior:
sociocultural
My study focuses on the negative impact of aggression on self-actualization:
humanistic
I am studying the neuroanatomy of the brain to pinpoint the specific areas of the brain most associated with aggressive behavior:
biological
The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _________, which involved "looking inward" and reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.
introspection
We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
_________________ established the first psychological laboratory in 1879.
Wilhelm Wundt
Professor Thomas approaches questions about human behavior from perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which psychological approach?
Psychodynamic approach
The __________ perspective is a psychological approach that emphasizes the mental processes in perception, memory, language, and problem solving.
cognitive
Which of the following professionals is NOT a mental health practitioner?
a) Clinical psychologists b) Neuropsychologists c) Industrial organizational psychologists d) Psychiatric nurse
Industrial organizational psychologist
Belief Perseverance
vaccines do not cause autism
List the steps of the Scientific Method:
- identify the problem
- conduct background reseach
- formulate hypothesis
- test hypothesis
- analyze your results
- report your results
Relying on observation means:
empirically
Testable prediction (educated guess) about operable behavior, a statement about what one predicts will happen, its based off a theory:
Hypothesis
Interrelated set of concepts that explain a body of data, has some scientific backing:
Theory
Something that can't be tested is:
Unfalsifiable
When analyzing your results in the scientific method, your results MUST BE _______ to support your hypothesis.
replicated
NEVER use the word ____ in psychological science.
prove
Who noted that to become a scientific skeptic we must adopt two seemingly contradictory attitudes?
Carl Sagan
Two contradictory attitudes required to become a scientific skeptic:
- A willingness to keep an open mind to all claims
- A willingness to accept these claims only after researchers have subjected them to careful scientific tests
A way of processing information in which a person examines assumptions, evaluates evidence, looks for hidden agendas, and assesses conclusions
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking includes 4 steps:
- Consider any underlying motives for making a particular claim
- Evaluate the quality of the evidence
- Generate alternative explanations for the results
Not Me Fallacy
Just because two things are related DOES NOT mean one of them caused the other:
CORRLATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION
Two modes of thinking:
- Intuitive
- Analytic
Snap judgment thinking that relies on heuristics
Intuitive Thinking
Slow/reflective thinking, understanding concepts:
Analytic Thinking
The first step in any scientific investigation is ________.
identifying the question
Test what we meant to test
Validity
"Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ________.
hypothesis
Asking if we can apply findings to the real world, and can the results be generalized to the real world is:
External Validity
After you have identified a problem you want to study, the next step in the scientific method is to ____________.
conduct background research
The ability to make cause & affect conclusions is:
Internal Validity
A way of processing information in which we examine assumptions, evaluate evidence, look for hidden agendas, and assess conclusions is called __________________.
critical thinking
We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
Observing behavior in the real world:
Naturalistic Observations
If you are reading a review of a product and discover that the person writing the review is a part owner of the product's company, you might question the reviewer's claims based on which of the following?
The underlying motive of the writer
Disadvantage of Naturalistic Observations?
Can help researchers ensure that their sample is representative of the general population, can apply to greater population, gets rid of bias & generalizes the findings:
Random Sampling
When evaluating surveys, we much consider:
Reliability & Validity
The test-retest & interrater:
Reliability
-is consistant -need our surveys to be consistent -interrater reliability (want people collecting the data to be consistent)
Testing what you meant to test is :
validity
We lie to look good:
Response Sets ("I never broke the law", even when you broke the law, makes yourself look better)
Frank is a full professor who is interested in the factors that affect the performance of rats who are learning to find their way through a complex maze. Every afternoon, he gives each of his 50 rats ten trials in the maze, counting the number of wrong turns each rat makes on its way through the maze, which research method applies to this scenario?
laboratory observation
Ben, a graduate student in clinical psychology, is counseling Eli in a small room in the neuropsychiatric hospital. Eli was admitted to the hospital after complaining that he hears voices shouting obscenities at him, and confiding that he thinks he is going through a spontaneous sex change. After each session with Eli, Ben writes a report describing Eli's verbal and nonverbal behavior and his interpretations of the behavior., which research method applies to this scenario?
case study
Dee is an assistant professor who will teach introductory psychology for the first time next term. She has chosen some videos to show to her class of more than 200 students and is now preparing a questionnaire to administer to her students after each video clip. She thinks getting student reactions to the films will be helpful for the next time she teaches the class, which research method applies to this scenario?
survey
Ed is an undergraduate psychology major. For his senior thesis, he is investigating the nature of the audience for pornography. This afternoon, he is sitting in his car across the street from one of the pornographic bookstores in the area. He is taking notes on the sex, approximate age, and ethnicity of the patrons as they enter and leave the store, which research method applies to this scenario?
naturalistic observation
How are two variables related, measures the strength of the relationship between variables?
Correlation Coefficients
Correlation is the STRONGEST whenever:
it is CLOSET to 1
The number tells the:
strength
The sign tells the:
direction
POSITIVE correlation direction indicates:
Two factors vary in the same direction
NEGATAIVE correlation direction indicates:
As one variable increases, the other variable decreases
A correlation coefficient of (+/-) .90 suggest:
Very STRONG correlation between two variable
A correlation coefficient of (+/-) .10 suggest:
Very WEAK correlation between two variables
Used to graph correlations:
Scatterplots
Correlation Coefficient variables range from:
-1.00 to +1.
Paul records data that indicate that the number of hot chocolates sold at the concession stand increases as temperature outside decreases (for example, more hot chocolates are purchased during late fall than late spring). Which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of this finding?
There is a negative correlation between the two variables.
All of the following variables, except for ________, would likely show a positive correlation.
alcohol consumption and scores on a driving test
A study shows that the correlation between shoe size and intelligence is .05. This means that _____________.
there is no relationship between shoe size and intelligence score.
Golf skill is negatively correlated with golf scores. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true?
The more skilled you are at golf, the lower your golf score.
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the weakest relationship between two variables?
+.
The variables of stress and depression are positively correlated. This means _______________.
we cannot determine causality with a correlation
