Download Research Methods: Key Concepts and Definitions and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
Intuition |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔An |effortless, |immediate, |automatic |feeling |or |thought, |as |contrasted |with |explicit, |conscious |reasoning. Hindsight |bias |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |tendency |to |believe, |after |learning |an |outcome, |that |one |would |have |foreseen |it. |(Also |known |as |the |I-knew-it-all-along |phenomenon.) Critical |thinking |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Thinking |that |does |not |blindly |accept |arguments |and |conclusions. |Rather, |it |examines |assumptions, |appraises |the |source, |discerns |hidden |values, |evaluates |evidence, |and |assesses |conclusions. Theory |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔An |explanation |using |an |integrated |set |of |principles |that |organizes |observations |and |predicts |behaviors |or |events. Hypothesis |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |testable |prediction, |often |implied |by |a |theory. Operational |definition |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |carefully |worded |statement |of |the |exact |procedures |(operations) |used |in |a |research |study. |For |example, |human |intelligence |may |be |operationally |defined |as |what |an |intelligence |test |measures. Replication |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔Repeating |the |essence |of |a |research |study, |usually |with |different |participants |in |different |situations, |to |see |whether |the |basic |finding |extends |to |other |participants |and |circumstances.
Case |study |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |descriptive |technique |in |which |one |individual |or |group |is |studied |in |depth |in |the |hope |of |revealing |universal |principles. Naturalistic |observation |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |descriptive |technique |of |observing |and |recording |behavior |in |naturally |occurring |situations |without |trying |to |manipulate |and |control |the |situation. Survey |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |descriptive |technique |for |obtaining |the |self-reported |attitudes |or |behaviors |of |a |particular |group, |usually |by |questioning |a |representative, |random |sample |of |the |group. Population |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔All |those |in |a |group |being |studied, |from |which |samples |may |be |drawn. |(Note: |Except |for |national |studies, |this |does |not |refer |to |a |country's |whole |population.) Random |sample |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |sample |that |fairly |represents |a |population |because |each |member |has |an |equal |chance |of |inclusion. Correlation |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |measure |of |the |extent |to |which |two |factors |vary |together, |and |thus |of |how |well |either |factor |predicts |the |other. Correlation |coefficient |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |statistical |index |of |the |relationship |between |two |things |(from |−1.00 |to |+1.00). Scatterplot |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |graphed |cluster |of |dots, |each |of |which |represents |the |values |of |two |variables. Regression |toward |the |mean |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔The |tendency |for |extreme |or |unusual |scores |or |events |to |fall |back |(regress) |toward |the |average.
Debriefing |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |postexperimental |explanation |of |a |study, |including |its |purpose |and |any |deceptions, |to |its |participants. Experiment |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |type |of |research |study |where |the |experimenter |is |able |to |make |a |cause-and-effect |conclusion |by |changing |on |factor |and |seeing |how |it |makes |changes |to |another |factor. Correlational |study |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |study |where |the |researcher |measures |two |or |more |factors |to |see |if |they |are |related. |This |method |is |good |for |making |predictions. Observational |study |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |method |where |the |research |observes |ongoing |behavior. |This |method |is |really |good |for |description. Measurement |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |process |of |objectively |recording |an |observation, |usually |as |a |number. Empirical |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔Learning |through |observation. Mode |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |most |frequent |occurring |score. Mean |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |average |score. Median |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |midpoint |score. Standard |deviation |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |computed |measure |of |how |much |scores |vary |around |the |mean |score. Range |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |**✔✔The |gap |between |the |lowest |and |highest |scores.
Normal |curve |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |symmetrical, |bell-shaped |curve |that |describes |the |distribution |of |many |types |of |data; |most |scores |fall |near |the |mean |(about | 68 |percent |fall |within |one |standard |deviation |of |it) |and |fewer |and |fewer |near |the |extremes. Statistical |significance |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔A |statistical |statement |of |how |likely |it |is |that |an |obtained |result |occurred |by |chance. Overconfidence |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔The |tendency |to |overestimate |something. The |scientific |attitude |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔(1) |curiosity |about |the |world |around |us, |(2) |skepticism |about |unproven |claims |and |ideas, |and |(3) |humility |about |one's |own |understanding. Rules |for |generalizing |a |sample |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔1. |Representative |samples |are |better |than |biased |samples. |2.Less-variable |observations |are |more |reliable |than |those |that |are |more |variable. |3. |More |cases |are |better |than |fewer. The |scientific |method |- |...,. VERIFIED |ANSWER |✔✔1) |Create |a |hypothesis, |2) |Collect |data |and |observations, |3) |Form |conclusions, |4) |Create |a |theory
