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Info-graphics and lectures for genetic counseling in community health nursing.
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-Barnedo DJ Lorenne Zoe R.
Prenatal diagnostic testing involves testing the fetus before birth (prenatally) to determine whether the fetus has certain abnormalities, including certain hereditary or spontaneous genetic disorders.
Genetic Disorder Genetic disorders are disorders caused by abnormalities in one or more genes or chromosomes. Some genetic disorders are hereditary and others are spontaneous.
Risk Factors Abnormalities due to several factors Some birth defects, such as cleft lip or palate, result from abnormalities in one or more genes plus exposure to certain other factors, including substances in the environment (called multifactorial inheritance). That is, the abnormal gene makes the fetus more likely to develop a birth defect, but the birth defect usually does not develop unless the fetus is exposed to specific substances, such as certain drugs or alcohol. Many common birth defects, such as heart malformations, are inherited in this way. (^) Family history: The risk of having a baby with a neural tube defect is increased by having a family member, including the couple’s children, with such a defect (family history). For couples who have had a baby with spina bifida or anencephaly, the risk of having another baby with one of these defects is 2 to 3%. For couples who have had two children with one of these defects, the risk is 5 to 10%. However, about 95% of neural tube defects occur in families without a history of neural tube defects. (^) Folate deficiency: Risk may also be increased by a diet that is low in folate, a vitamin. Folate supplements help prevent neural tube defects. Therefore, daily folate supplements are now routinely recommended for all women of childbearing age, particularly for pregnant women. Folate is usually included in prenatal vitamins. (^) Geographic location: Risk also varies based on where a person lives. For example, risk is higher in the United Kingdom than in the United States. (^) A few neural tube defects result from hereditary abnormalities in a single gene, from chromosomal abnormalities, or from exposure to drugs.
● (^) Woman’s age ● (^) Family history ● (^) Birth defect in a previous baby ● (^) Previous miscarriages ● (^) Chromosomal abnormality in a prospective parent
(^) Pregnancy termination (^) Transfer care to tertiary center for delivery with more extensive neonatal services
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