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PORTAGE LAB 2 CHEM 212(BIOCHEMISTRY) Organic intermolecular forces and buffer preparation, Lab Reports of Biochemistry

It is lab report of PORTAGE LEARNING of chem 212 (Biochemistry with lab by Dr. Rodney Austin) TITLE: LAB 2 Organic intermolecular forces and buffer preparation. It includes purpose, procedure, observations, data/results, discussion questions, conclusion, and notes.

Typology: Lab Reports

2023/2024

Available from 05/23/2025

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Lab 2 Biochemistry
Experiment #:2.
Title:Organic intermolecular forces
and buffer preparation
Purpose:
The purpose of the experiment is to investigate the intermolecular forces in organic molecules
by comparing their flow and viscosity. We will learn the effect of intermolecular forces on
physical properties like viscosity and vapour pressure of organic molecules.
In second part we will learn how to make buffer and how to do buffer calculations. We will also
learn about properties of buffer systems.
Procedure:
Comparing the flow of materials
1. Placed a drop of water and a drop of glycerin on two different watch glasses.
2. Tilted the watch glasses so that drops began to flow.
3. Observed which drop flowed faster and which drop was resistant to flow. Recorded the
observations.
Effect of viscosity on intermolecular forces
1. Took a bulb pipette and used a marker to mark 4 cm distance.
2. Filled the pipette with pentane up to the mark. Then drained it out and recorded the time.
3. Took three measurements.
4. Repeated the procedure with 2-pentanone and 2-pentanol.
5. Repeated the procedure for heptane, decane and hexadecane. For each solution recorded
three observations. Took average of the observed time.
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Lab 2 Biochemistry

Experiment #: 2.

Title: Organic intermolecular forces

and buffer preparation

Purpose:

The purpose of the experiment is to investigate the intermolecular forces in organic molecules by comparing their flow and viscosity. We will learn the effect of intermolecular forces on physical properties like viscosity and vapour pressure of organic molecules. In second part we will learn how to make buffer and how to do buffer calculations. We will also learn about properties of buffer systems.

Procedure:

 Comparing the flow of materials

  1. Placed a drop of water and a drop of glycerin on two different watch glasses.
  2. Tilted the watch glasses so that drops began to flow.
  3. Observed which drop flowed faster and which drop was resistant to flow. Recorded the observations.

 Effect of viscosity on intermolecular forces

  1. Took a bulb pipette and used a marker to mark 4 cm distance.
  2. Filled the pipette with pentane up to the mark. Then drained it out and recorded the time.
  3. Took three measurements.
  4. Repeated the procedure with 2-pentanone and 2-pentanol.
  5. Repeated the procedure for heptane, decane and hexadecane. For each solution recorded three observations. Took average of the observed time.
  1. Calculated flow rate for each solution by dividing flow distance (4 cm) by time taken to cover that distance.

 Effect of intermolecular forces on pressure

  1. Placed two drops of water and two drops of pentane on separate watch glasses.
  2. Observed the time it takes for two of them to evaporate at room temperature.

 Buffer preparation

  1. Took 250 mL volume flask and added 9.21 g of monobasic and 6.86 g of dibasic sodium phosphate.
  2. Added water and stir bar to flask.
  3. Placed the flask on stir plate and let the salt dissolve.
  4. Added enough water for pH probe to be submerged in solution.
  5. Calculated the pH of buffer solution (6.97).

 Demonstration of buffer properties

o Phosphate buffer

  1. Added buffer solution into beaker.
  2. To check the buffer capacity added HCl in the buffer solution. Again, observed the pH of solution.
  3. Added water in beaker and noted the pH. Added HCl in water and observed the pH change.

o Glycine buffer

  1. Prepared glycine buffer with its two pKa values and added them to beakers.
  2. Added 50 microlitre of base into solution of 2.38 pH. Observed the pH change.

Average time for decane =

= 3.02 sec

Average time for hexadecane=

= 10.55 sec

Flow rate = Distance travelled (cm) / time of flow (sec)

Flow rate for heptane =

4 cm 1.83 sec

= 2.19 cm/ sec

Flow rate for decane =

4 cm 3.02 sec

= 1.32 cm/ sec

Flow rate for hexadecane =

4 cm 10.55 sec

= 0.38 cm/ sec

Heptane has the highest flow rate and hexadecane has the lowest.

 Buffer calculations

Buffer calculation can be done using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

as we will be preparing solution of pH 7 and pKa of buffer solution is 7.2. then

inserting these values in the equation we get:

7 = 7.2 + log [A

]/[HA]

-0.2 = log [A]/[HA], taking antilog on both sides

Antilog (-0.2) = antilog (log [A-]/[HA])

0.631 = [A-]/[HA]

[HA]×0.631 = ([A-]/[HA]) × [HA]

[HA]×0.631 = [A

]

Now we know that molar mass = moles / litre

 Demonstration of buffer properties

o Phosphate buffer

In the buffer of 6.97 pH added HCl to check the buffer capacity. The pH of solution changed to 6.95. It maintained the pH. Added water in beaker and checked the pH. Added HCl in water and pH changed from 7.8 to 2.45. It was drastic change in pH.

o Glycine buffer

When 50 microlitre of base was added into solution of 2.38 pH, pH shifted from 2.38 to 2.39. When acid was added in glycine solution of 9.7 pH. It maintained the pH at 9.6. Added base to the solution and it increased from 9.68 to 9.69. Overall pH was maintained by buffer system.

Discussion Questions:

1. What kind of forces are present in pure glycerin and pure water that hold these molecules together in the liquid state?

In similar way as the molecular weight increases, the surface area increases which increase the London forces present in molecule. That’s why alkanes with high M.W are more viscous than with lower M.W. intermolecular forces also change the vapour pressure of substances. If molecules hold each other strongly they will have less chances to go from liquid phase to gas phase which means their vapour pressure will be lower than molecules with weak intermolecular forces. Buffer systems can be created using the Handerson-Hasselbalch equation. They can withstand a pH change of up to one unit when acids or bases are introduced into systems. Buffers play a crucial role in biological systems because they maintain the pH. Notes: Viscosity is the resistance to flow due to intermolecular forces. The larger the molecule, more surface area and more London dispersion forces. Greater the intermolecular forces, greater the resistance to flow. Vapour pressure is the ability of molecule to escape from the liquid phase to vapour phase. Molecules can only get in gas phase if they overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together. Buffers resist the change in pH of systems.