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PHAR 100 – Module 1 Exam University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Academic
Year 2025-
drug |- |answersany |substance |received |by |a |biological |system |not |received |for |nutritive |purposes, |that |influences |biological |health |of |an |organism pharmacology |- |answersscience |of |drugs, |including |uses, |effects |and |modes |of |action ancient |Greece |- |answerspupil |of |Aristotle |wrote |about |opium |from |opium |poppy, |isolated |morphine | from |opium ancient |Egypt |- |answersmedical |textbook |of |drug |use |written |in | 1550 |B.C., |recommended |Senna |for | purgative ancient |China |- |answersearliest |record |of |drug |experiments, |emperor |grouped |drugs |by |taste use |of |poision |- |answersuse |of |____ |resulted |in |discovery |of |drugs |used |today |and |helped |with |drug | development curare |- |answersindigenous |people |dipped |arrows |in |it, |paralyzed |muscles |and |caused |death, |new | derivatives |used |by |anesthesiologists |to |relax |muscles |during |surgery ergot |- |answerspoisonous |fungus |that |grows |on |rye, |causes |hallucinations, |constricted |blood |vessels, | contractions |of |uterus ergotamine |- |answerstreats |migraines, |constricts |vessels |that |carry |blood |to |head ergonovine |- |answersno |longer |used |to |speed |labour, |used |to |stop |uterine |bleeding |after |childbirth medicine |men |in |ancient |times |- |answersphysicians |and |priests, |therapy |influenced |by |religion |and | magic drug |discovery |- |answers25% |drugs |used |today |derived |from |plants, |active |substances |purified |and | modified |to |be |more |effective |or |less |toxic reserpine |and |chlorpromazine |- |answersextracts |of |rauwolfia |plant |to |reduce |tension, |anxiety |and | blood |pressure, |in |1950's |_____ |was |isolated, |now |______ |preferred, |easier |to |find |proper |dosage, | treatment |for |mental |illness |makes |anxious |people |calm lysergic |acid |diethylamide |(LSD) |- |answersdiscovered |by |Albert |Hoffman, |synthesized |LSD |from | components |of |ergot |in |1943, |discovery |of |psychedelic |effects |supported |that |potent |substances |in | brain |can |cause |mental |illnesses anaesthetics |- |answersnitrous |oxide: |chemist |was |demonstrating |laughing |gas, |dentist |noticed |pain | relieving |effects ether: |Faraday |pointed |out |similar |properties |to |ether, |used |as |anaesthesia |for |operations
Paul |Ehrich |- |answersfather |of |chemotherapy, |discovered |that |organ |arsenicals |selectively |bound |to | parasites, |cure |for |syphilis Gerhard |Domagk |- |answersintroduced |first |sulfa |drug, |first |successful |synthetic |drugs |to |treat | bacterial |disease Alexander |Fleming |- |answersdiscovered |penicillin, |first |antibiotic, |introduced |during |second |world |war |to |treat |gram-positive |bacterial |disease Selman |Waksman |- |answersdiscovered |another |antibiotic |streptomycin, |treated |tuberculosis |and | gram-negative |bacterial |disease research |and |discovery |of |target |- |answers3-6 |years, |up |to | 25000 |compounds |ex: |drug |to |lower |blood |pressure, |effect |would |be |studied |and |safety/efficacy |tested preclinical |studies |- |answersbefore |human |testing, |toxic |studies |determine |effect |of |drug |on |systems | not |targeted, |pharmacology |studies |give |detailed |mechanism |of |action |of |drug, |how |it |gives |desired | effect clinical |trials: |initial |steps |- |answers1. |submit |proof |of |safety |to |government |regulatory |agency
- |methodology |of |proposed |trial |required
- |submission |evaluated, |permission |given |or |denied phase | 1 |clinical |trial |- |answers20-100 |people, |small |group |of |health |volunteers |to |evaluate |absorption, |distribution, |elimination, |adverse |effects phase | 2 |clinical |trial |- |answers100-500 |people, |patients |with |disease, |determine |if |effective |in |treating |disease |made |for, |special |attention |to |safety |of |drug phase | 3 |clinical |trial |- |answers1000-5000 |people, |more |people, |longer |time |period, |diverse |patients, | determine |if |drug |is |safe |and |effective health |canada |review |- |answersif |phase | 3 |successful, |manufacturer |will |submit |a |drug |application |to | regulator, |if |deemed |affective |and |toxicity |acceptable |will |be |approved manufacturing |- |answersgeneric |vs. |brand |name |and |bioavailability |studies generic |vs. |brand |name |- |answerschemical |names |too |complicated |so |generic |name |will |be |created | and |company |will |apply |for |a |patent, |usually |get | 20 |years bioavailability |studies |- |answersstudies |compare |blood |levels |after |administration |of |both |generic |and | brand |name |on |healthy |patients |to |ensure |bioequivalent phase | 4 |approval |- |answersrisks |that |are |delayed |or |less |than |1/1000 |may |be |missed |in |phase |3, | effects |of |drug |monitored |after |release |for |general |use, |over |longer |time |and |on |different |groups |of | people target |population |- |answerscarefully |designed, |must |have |disease |drug |is |meant |to |treat
when |will |response |occur |- |answersmany |receptors |must |be |activated |at |once, |low |doses |of |drug |may |not |show |response, |threshold |must |be |reached, |once |reached |small |increase |in |dose |causes |large | increase |in |response, |not |indefinite dose-response |curve |- |answersy |axis: |response |to |drug x |axis: |logarithmic |dose |of |drug once |receptor |threshold |increased |small |increases |have |large |changes |in |response, |linear |portion |of | curve |allows |prediction |of |drug |effectiveness ED50 |- |answersdosage |that |produces |50% |of |max |effect, |also |dose |of |drug |effective |in |50% |of | population maximal |response |- |answersresponse |where |increases |in |dose |have |no |effect |on |response |level efficacy |- |answersmaximum |pharmacological |response |produced |by |a |specific |drug, |amount |of |drug | does |not |matter potency |- |answersdose |required |to |produce |response |of |certain |magnitude, |usually |50% |of |max, |more |potent |drug |will |need |less |dose |to |have |same |response |as |less |potent |drug therapeutic |index |- |answersTI |= |TD50/ED50, |tells |how |safe |a |drug |is, |higher |TI |safer |the |drug |and |less |chance |of |toxicities TD50 |= |dose |toxic |to |50% |of |population ED50 |= |dose |effective |in |50% |population therapeutic |range |- |answersrange |of |dosage |above |minimum |concentration |that |produces |desirable | response, |below |that |which |causes |toxic |effects pharmacokinetics |- |answersmovement |of |drugs |through |the |body ADME |- |answers4 |major |processes |in |pharmacokinetics, |determine |concentration |of |drug |in |blood, | determines |concentration |at |site |of |action administration |- |answershow |a |drug |is |given, | 3 |major |routes topical |administration |- |answerson |skin, |through |skin |or |inhalation on |skin |administration |- |answersdrugs |applied |to |treat |mild-moderate |skin |conditions, |can |be | absorbed |and |have |effects |elsewhere though |skin |administration |- |answerstransdermal |delivery |applies |drug |to |skin |to |be |absorbed |into | general |circulation |for |systemic |effect, |convenient, |bypasses |enzymes, |expensive |and |can |cause |local | irritation inhalation |- |answersdrugs |absorbed |from |lungs |for |local |and |systemic |effects, |advantage |need |smaller |quantities |and |can |avoid |toxic |effects, |disadvantage |is |needs |proper |use |by |patient enteral |- |answersenter |blood |through |gastrointestinal |tract, |can |be |administered |through |mouth, | rectum |or |sublingual/buccal
administration |by |mouth |- |answersmost |common |because |it |is |convenient, |inexpensive, |non-invasive, | self-administered, |drugs |undergo |first |pass |effect, |can |have |variable |absorption |because |of |differences |in |intestinal |motility |and |disease first |pass |effect |- |answerswhen |drug |absorbed |into |blood, |taken |to |liver |where |amount |of |active |drug |is |decreased |before |general |circulation administration |by |rectum |- |answerssystemic |or |local |effect, |less |invasive |for |comatose |patients |or | patients |with |nausea, |digestive |enzymes |are |bypassed, |disadvantage |is |not |all |drugs |are |available |in | this |form, |absorption |slow, |incomplete |and |variable sublingual |and |buccal |administration |- |answersunder |the |tongue |or |in |the |cheek, |enzymes |of |stomach |and |liver |bypassed, |not |all |drugs |adequately |absorbed, |may |be |swallowed |and |then |behaves |as |an | oral paternal |administration |- |answersdrug |injected |into |the |body |and |enters |bloodstream intravenous |administration |- |answersdrug |placed |directly |into |blood, |can |be |used |for |drugs |poorly | absorbed, |response |immediate, |intense |and |irreversible, |expensive |and |must |have |hygienic | administration, |100% |bioavailable intramuscular |- |answersdrug |injected |deep |into |muscle, |volume |limited |to |5-10 |mL |in |adults subcutaneous |- |answersdrug |injected |in |deepest |layer |of |skin, |preparations |can |be |modified |to | control |timing |of |release |of |drug |from |injection |site bioavailability |- |answersfraction |of |administered |drug |that |reaches |systemic |circulation |(blood) |in | active |form, |differs |between |drugs |because |during |absorption |not |all |drug |ends |up |in |blood distribution/redistribution |- |answersmovement |of |drug |from |blood |to |site |of |action |and |other |tissues, |most |drugs |reach |all |tissues |regardless |of |target drug |concentration |equilibrium |- |answersconcentration |at |site |of |distribution |in |equilibrium |with | concentration |in |blood, |if |blood |conc. |drops |drug |will |move |from |site |to |blood rate |of |distribution |- |answersrate |drugs |distribute |depends |on |blood |flow |to |organ, |greater |blood | flow |is |faster |drugs |will |reach thiopental |- |answersafter |intravenous |injection, |blood |concentration |is |high, |elevates |concentration |in |brain |and |patient |will |fall |asleep, |conc. |in |muscle |and |fat |low, |when |fat |and |muscle |concentration | increases |blood |decreases, |drug |leaves |brain |and |moves |into |blood |so |patient |wakes |up metabolism |- |answersaka |biotransformation, |conversion |of |drugs |to |different |chemical |compound, | usually |water |soluble |compounds |to |be |removed |by |kidney, |mostly |occurs |in |liver metabolites |- |answersproducts |fo |metabolism, |usually |no |pharmacological |action cytochrome |p450 |- |answersfamily |of |enzymes |that |bio |transforms |most |clinically |used |drugs, |3A4 |is | specific |enzyme |for |most |drugs metabolism |phase | 1 |- |answersadd |or |unmask |functional |group
- |toxic |effect |not |detectable |in |animals
- |toxic |effect |may |be |unique |to |particular |time |period drug-drug |interactions |- |answersone |drug |changes |effect |of |second |drug, |can |occur |at |several |points | in |ADME
- |absorption: |speed |up |passage |through |intestine, |decreasing |contact |of |second |drug |with |intestinal | wall |decreasing |absorption
- |metabolism: |block |inactivation |of |second |drug |in |liver, |increasing |blood |level |and |effect |of |second | drug
- |excretion: |can |facilitate |excretion |of |second |drug, |decreasing |blood |level |and |effect |of |second |drug drug-food |interactions |- |answersinterference |of |food |with |drugs |taken |at |same |time tyramine |interactions |- |answersfound |in |fermented |cheese, |can |raise |blood |pressure, |broken |down |in | liver |by |monoamine |oxidase, |antidepressants |that |inhibit |enzyme, |blood |pressure |effect |will |be | intensified grapefruit |and |citrus |interactions |- |answersmany |drugs |bio |transformed |and |inactivated |by |enzymes | in |GI |tract, |___ |inhibits |these |enzymes |and |higher |levels |of |active |drug |absorbed, |can |lead |to |higher | blood |levels |and |overdose
