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PHAR 100 – Introduction to Pharmacology Midterm University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill (UNC) Academic Year 2025-
Key |historical |influences |to |pharmacology |- |answers-Civilizations: |Greece, |Egypt, |China -Poison: |Curare, |Ergot -Religion Why |was |zinc |oxide |an |important |compound |- |answerscurrently |found |in |topical |creams |(i.e. | calamine) What |did |ancient |greece, |egypt, |and |china |contribute |- |answersgreece |- |opium |- |codeine |+ |morphine egypt |- |senna, |purgatives china |- |ephedrine |(asthma) What |is |Curare's |function |as |a |poison |+ |pharmaceutical |- |answerspoison |= |paralysis/death, |drug |= | anesthesia What |is |Ergot's |function |as |a |poison |+ |pharmaceutical |- |answerspoison |= |mental |frenzy, |burning | limbs, |uterus |contraction | pharm |= |ergotamine: |treats |migraines, |ergonovine: |arrests |uterine |bleeding |after |childbirth What |did |Paul |Ehrlich |design |- |answersorganoarsenicals |- |binds |to |parasites |= |cure |for |syphillis Name | 9 |basic |drug |development |steps |- |answers1- |drug |discovery 2- |pre-clinical 3- |clinical |trial: |initial |steps 4- |phase |1: |young |healthy |people 5- |phase |2: |people |affected |by |disesase |(~500 |ppl) 6- |phase |3: |people |affected |by |disease |(1000+) 7- |Health |Canda |review 8- |Manufacturing 9 |- |Phase |4: |tests |over |long |period/taken |concurrently |w/ |other |drugs Name | 6 |advertising |techniques |- |answers-before/after -fear -offer |an |easy |solution
-attention |catching -celeb |endorsement -discredit |other |manufacturers Name | 3 |drug |targets |- |answers-receptors -chemical |rxn -physical/chemical |forces Explain |ED50 |- |answersThe |dose |that |gives |50% |of |max. |response What |are |factors |that |contribute |to |the |removal |of |the |drug |from |the |body |- |answersExcretion: | kidney |(80%+ |of |drugs), |must |be |water |soluble |(conversion |needed) |Biotransformation |in |liver, | metabolism, |feces |(GI |tract), |saliva, |sweat, |milk, Define |efficacy |- |answersthe |max |pharmacological |response |that |can |be |produced |by |a |specific |drug | in |that |bio |system Define |potency |- |answersThe |dose |of |a |drug |required |to |produce |a |certain |response |(usually |50% |of | max) Define |therapeutic |range |- |answersrange |of |doses |that |keep |[blood] |of |a |drug |above |the |[minimum] | to |produce |desirable |response, |but |below |the |[toxic |response] What |are |the | 4 |major |processes |of |pharmacokinetics |- |answers1-absorption 2-distribution 3-metabolism 4-excretion Name | 3 |general |main |routes |of |administration |- |answers1. |Topical |
- |Enteral |admin |(enter |blood |through |GI |tract)
- |Parental |admin |(injected |into |bloodstream) What |are |the | 3 |topical |administration |methods |- |answers1. |on |skin
- |through |skin |(transdermal)
- |inhalation |(rapidly |absorbed |by |lungs) What |are |the | 3 |enteral |administration |methods |- |answers1. |mouth: |most |convenient, |least |expensive
- |rectum: |systemic |or |local, |bypasses |stomach/liver |enzymes
- |sublingual/buccal: |under |tongue/cheek Explain |biotransformation |- |answersliver |contains |enzymes |that |are |able |to |convert |drugs |+ |other | chemicals |to |water |soluble |products |to |be |excreted |in |the |urine |- |usually |results |in |inactivation
Explain |a |biotransformation |reaction |- |answersPhase |1: |add/unmask |a |functional |group |on |drug |so | phase | 2 |can |occur |(effector:P450) Phase |2: |add |large |H2O |soluble |molecule, |making |metabolite |water |soluble What |effect |does |concurrently |taking |medications |have |on |biotransformation |- |answersMay |compete | for |P450 |enzyme |= |less |biotransmortion |(slower |rate) |~ |toxic |effects Explain |the |process |of |the |drug |Thiopental |- |answersit |is |terminated |by |redistribution |- |concentration | in |brain |increases, |decreases |in |muscles |+ |fat |= |patient |sleeps as |concentration |increases |in |muscles/fat, |conc |in |blood |decreases |- |blood |leaves |brain |into | bloodstream as |brain |conc |decreases, |patient |wakes How |to |calculate |a |therapeutic |index |- |answersIndex |= |TD50/ED 5 |general |reasons |for |variation |in |drug |response |- |answers-genetic |factors -enviro |factors -other |diseases -altered |physiological |state -multiple |drugs |taken Main |responsibilities |of |CNS |(brain) |- |answers-receive |and |process |info -initiate |response, |store |memory -generates |thoughts |and |emotion CNS |(Spinal |chord) |- |answers-carries |sensory |info |from |skin, |muscles, |tissues -controls |motor |outflow |to |muscles -controls |sensory |input |and |reflexes Cerebral |cortex |contains: |- |answerssensory/motor |coordination, |intelligence, |memory, |vision Thalamus |- |answersrelay |center |to |filter |signals |-> |CC Limbic |system |- |answersmemory, |emotion |(opioid |target), |reward |centres, |DOPAMINERGIC |REWARD | CENTRES Main |inhibitory |neurotransmitter |- |answersGABA Main |excitatory |neurotransmitter |- |answersGlutamate
Hypothalamus |- |answersinvoluntary |functions, |produces |releasing |factos Pituitary |gland |- |answerssecretes |hormones |(growth, |behaviour, |metabolism) Midbrain |- |connects |what, |contains |what |- |answersconnects |forebrain |w/ |hindbrain contains |relay |centre |for |visual |+ |auditory |stimuli Hindbrain |contains |which |structures |- |answerspons |(connects |signals) medulla |(origin |of |CN's, |HR |regulation, |BP, |respiration) cerebellem |(coordination |+ |posture, |voluntary |activity) How |many |neurons |does |the |brain |contain |- |answers~90 |billion On |which |receptors |does |glutamate |(NT) |act? |- |answersglutamatergic |receptors Acetylcholine |(NT) |- |type |of |receptor, |binds |to |what, |- |answersexcitatory |CNS |response, |binds |to | cholinergic |receptors |(nicotinic |or |muscarinic) Name | 2 |catecholamines |(NT's) |- |answersDopamine, |norepinephrine What |does |dopamine |(NT) |affect |- |answershormones |+ |motor |control... |disturbances |lead |to | parkinson's |+ |schizonphrenia Norepinephrine |(NT) |binds |to |_____ |and |activation |leads |to |_____ |- |answersalpha |and |beta | receptors... |activation |leads |to |CNS |cell |excitation Serotonin |(NT) |leads |to |- |answershyperactivity |= |anxiety, |(hypoactivtiy |= |depression) Name |the | 3 |opioid |receptors |- |answersMU, |delta, |kappa Name | 4 |factors |influencing |substance |abuse |- |answers-Genetic -Coexisting |disorders -Environmental | -Developmental What |is |the |dopamine |hypothesis |- |answersexplains |addiction: |drugs |of |abuse |increase |dopamine |in | brain's |reward |system |(limbic) |- |this |dopamergenic |system |is |also |responsible |for |natural |rewards |(i.e. |food/sex) 3 |main |characteristics |of |addictive |drugs |- |answers1. |increase |dopamine |(CNS |stims., |opiates)
- |produce |novelty |(i.e. |LSD, |MDMA)
- |Reduce |anxiety (i.e. |benzodiazepines |/barbituates) Advantages |of |benzodiazpines |over |barbituates |- |answers-wide |spectrum |of |use
Fleming |discovered |- |answersPenicillin Paul |Ehrlich |developed |____ |and |now |know |as |___ |- |answersorganic |molecules |that |selectively |bound |to |parasites |- |cure |for |syphillis. |- |known |as |father |of |chemotherapy The |response |to |norepinephrine |related |at |an |autonomic |synapse |is |terminated |by? |- |answersRe- uptake |into |the |pre-synaptic |neuron Anabolic |steroids |are |- |answersassociated |with |several |toxicities Short |term |effects |of |amphetamines |- |answers-heart |attack, |BP |changes, |fainting, |cardio |collapse, | seizures, |incr |resp |rate, |fever, |stroke Long |term |effects |of |amphetamines |- |answerschronic |sleeping |problems, |poor |appetite, |anxiety, |OCD, |psychosis, |incr |BP, |abnormal |cardiac |rythm Therapeutic |uses |of |amphetamines |- |answers1. |Narcolepsy
- |ADHD |(Ritalin) Abuse |potential |and |inherent |harmfulness |of |amphetamines |- |answershigh |- |water |soluble |saline | forms |give |a |rapid |and |intense |response high |harmful |- |long-term |toxicities |and |users |lifestyle Dependance |of |amphetamines |- |answers-high |tolerance |to |anorectic |effects, |not |to |therapeutic | effects -w/drawal |symptoms |with |use |stoppage -addiction |to |euphoria Cocaine |classification |- |answerslegal: |narcotic pharm: |CNS |stimulant, |local |anesthetic Cocaine |MOA |- |answersinhibits |re-uptake |of |dopamine |and |serotonin |into |pre-stn |nerve |= |more |nt |in | cleft |= |increase |post-synaptic |nerve |activity CNS |effects |of |cocaine |- |answers-same |acute |effects |as |amphetamine -differs |in |duration: |SHORTER |( |1hr |>) -lower |incidence |complications |(snort |vs |inject) Therapeutic |uses |of |cocaine |- |answerslocal |anesthetic |for |mouth |+ |throat |(rarely |used) Origin |of |cocaine |- |answersalkaloid |in |leaves |of |coca |bush |(Bolivia, |columbia, |peru) Effects |of |long-term |use |- |answers-toxic |pychosis/paranoia -halluncination, |insect |sensations -impaired |sex |function
-perm. |brain |damage -incr |BP, |irregular |HR -nasal |mucosa |damage Dependance |to |cocaine |- |answers-tolerance: |yes |to |mood |elevating |effects, |no |to |psychotic |effects -w/drawal |same |as |amphetamine -addiction |occurs Nicotine |is |a |______ |substance |around |in |_________ |- |answersnaturally |occurring, |tobacco Absorption |of |nicotine |- |answersvery |small |particles |= |rapid |absorption occurs |in |GI |tract, |oral |mucosa |+ |across |skin Metabolism/excretion |of |nicotine |- |answersrapidly |metabolized |by |liver excreted |in |urine |(1/2 |life |= | 2 |hrs) Nicotine |MOA |- |answers-stimulates |nicotinic |receptors |@ |synapse -receptor |activation |increases |psychomotor |activity, |cog. |function, |attention Therapeutic |uses |of |nicotine |- |answerssmoking |cessation |programs: |chewing |gum, |transdermal |patch, | buccal |spray Short-term |smoking |effects |(in |non-smoker |and |regular |use) |- |answers-dizzy, |headache, |nausea, | vomit, |cramps -reg |use: |euphoria, |arousal, |increase |concentration, |incr |HR |and |BP Long-term |smoking |effects |- |answerscardiovascular |disease |(from |nicotine |and |carbon |monoxide) lung |disease cancer |(30% |of |all |cancers |due |to |smoke) Nicotine |tolerance |and |dependance |- |answerstolerance |DOES |NOT |occur |to |sig. |extent -dependance: |yes |- |w/drawal |= |irritable, |anxiety, |restless, |insomnia Caffeine |half-life |- |answers2.5-10 |hrs |(determined |by |genetics) Caffeine |MOA |- |answers100-250mg |increases |mental |activity |and |motor |performance -caffeine |blocks |adenosine |receptors |= |incr |dopamine |release |= |CNS |stimulation Short |term |effects |of |caffeine |- |answersmood |incr, |fatigue |decrease, |faster/clearer |flow |of |thought, | cardio: |constricts |cerebral |blood |vessels high |doses |= |rapid/irregular |heartbeat
2 |types |of |doping |using |the |blood: |- |answers-Blood |doping: |re-infusion |of |one's |own |RBC's |before | performance -EPO |(erythropoietin: |hormone |increases |# |of |RBC's |produced |by |body |= |incr |oxygen-carrying |capacity |of |blood How |are |diuretics |used |as |doping? |- |answersenhance |excretion |of |salt |and |water |through |kidneys, | decr |body |water |= |compete |@ |lower |body |weight Sedative |hypnotic |agents |classification |- |answersCNS |depressants General |dosage |+ |effects |of |sedative-hypnotics |- |answerslow: |anti-anxiety |- |GAD, |OCD low-med: |sedation | med-high: |hypnosis |- |sleep |onset high: |general |anesthesia Sedative-hypnoitc |MOA |- |answersincreasing |inhibitor |brain |signalling |= |decrease |glutamate-induced | firing |= |increase |in |GABA |neuronal |firing GABA |signalling |method |- |answers-primary |inhibitory |nt |in |CNS -binds |to |opening |Cl- |chans |= |hyperpolarization |of |post-syn |= |harder |to |transmit |signals |= |CNS | neuronal |signalling |depression 4 |drugs |that |bind |to |Cl- |channels |- |answers1. |Benzodiazepines |(anti-anxiety)
- |Flumazepil |(treats |benzo |overdose)
- |Zolpidem |(very |sedative)
- |Barbituates |(anesthesia, |seizures) MOA |of |benzo's |- |answersactivation |of |benzodiazepine |receptors |increases |the |frequency |of |opening | CL- |channels benzo's |have |a |______ |therapeutic |index |- |answershigh Short |term |effects |of |benzo's |- |answersCNS: |desired |( |relax, |calm, |anxiety |relief) |side |(drowsy, | lethargic, |fatigue, |memory |impairement) lungs: |respirator |depression motor: |coordination |+ |driving Long |term |effects |of |benzo's |- |answerschronic |sedative-hypnotic |intoxication |(decr |thinking, |memory, | judgement, |slurred |speech) Pregnancy/elderly |effects |of |benzo's |- |answersPregnant/feeding: |cross |placenta, |small |risk |for | abnormalities |- |toxic |or |therapeutic |amounts |can |be |secreted |out |of |milk Elderly: |cognitive |dysfunction, |metabolized |more |slowly
Benzo |abuse: |liability, |harmfulness, |tolerance, |withdrawal |- |answersliability: |low |(weak |reinforcement) harm: |low |(therapeutic |dose |does |not |depress |respiration) tolerance: |high |when |combined |w/ |other |sedatives |(all |modulate |Cl |chans) w/drawal: |mild |but |distinct |- |anxiety, |headache, |insomnia Flumazenil |- |answers-benzodiazepine |receptor |antagonist |(blocks |effects |of |benzo's) |- |used |to |treat | benzo |overdose Zolpidem |- |answers-bind |to |a |subset |of |GABA |receptors |= |sedation -disturbs |REM |EVEN |LESS |than |the |benzos |= |excellent |sedator Barbituates |MOA |and |classification |- |answersMOA |- |increases |duration |of |Cl- |channel |opening dose-dependant |cNS |depression 1- |long |acting |(1-2 |days) 2- |short |acting |(3-8 |hrs) 3- |ultra-short |(20 |mins) Clinical |uses |of |barbituates |- |answersshort |acting |and |ultra |short |acting |classes |induce |anesthesia long |acting |used |as |antiepileptics Inherent |harmfulness |of |barbituates |- |answersvery |high |- |fatal |risk |from |respiratory |depression |+ | withdrawal |- |lethality |common, |has |low |therapeutic |index Short-term |effects |of |barbituates |- |answerstranquility, |relaxation, |mild |euphoria, |dizziness, |mild | impairement, |sleep |induction |w/ |sufficient |dose Effects |of |long-term |barbituate |use |- |answerschronic |inebriation |(intoxication), |impairment |memory, | judgement, |thinking, |hostility, |mood |swings Barbituate |tolerance |- |answers-very |rapid: |sleep |induction |+ |mood |effects -more |slowly: |impairement |motor |coordination -very |slowly: |anti-convulsant |actions high |degree |of |cross-tolerance |w/ |other |sedative Barbiturate |dependance |- |answers-withdrawal |occurs |with |discontinuation |of |chronic |use -tremors, |anxiety, |insomnia, |postural |hypotension -progresses |to |seizsures, |delirium, |hallucinations
Alchohol |MOA |- |answers-binds |to |Cl- |ion |channel -increases |GABA |mediated |neuronal |inhibition Short |term |use |(low |doses) |effects |of |alcohol |- |answerscardio: |vasodilation |(flushing) |of |vessels GI: |incr |gastric |secretion liver: |no |sign. |adverse |effects Short |term |use |(high |doses) |effects |of |alcohol |- |answerscardio: |system |depression GI: |irritating |stomach |lining |= |erosion |= |vomiting liver: |inhibit |glucose |production |= |hypoglycemia |(low |blood |sugar |level) Long |term |use |(chronic |high |dose) |of |alcohol |effects |- |answersCNS: |alc. |dementia, |decreases |cognitive |function, |memory, |judgement, |thinking cardio: |all |cardiomyopathy | liver: |alcohol |liver |disease stage | 3 |- |irreversible |damage Effects |of |alcohol |when |pregnant |- |answerstetratogenic |effects |- |fetal |alcohol |syndrome |- |growth | deficiency, |facial |abnormalities, |CC |impairements Alcohol |abuse |(liability, |tolerance, |dependance) |- |answers-moderate |liability |(ease |of |avail, |social/legal |acceptance) | -tolerance |occurs |w/ |chronic |use -dependance |yes: |w/drawal |= |CNS |excitability |(arousal, |stimulation) Why |are |benzodiazepine's |used |to |treat |alcohol |withdrawal |symptoms |- |answersidea |of |cross- dependance/tolerance |- |decreases |negative |effects Drugs |used |to |treat |alcoholism |- |Disulfiram |- |answers-Disulfiram: |inhibits |ALDH |= |incr |[acetaldehyde] | = |adverse |effects (bad |patient |compliance) Naltrexone: |- |answersused |to |treat |alcoholism: |diminishes |ethanol |cravings |(opioid |antagonist) |- | blocks |activation |of |dopaminergic |pathways |in |brain Acomprosate |- |answersTreats |alcoholism: |GABA |activator |- |ethanol |substitute, |has |not |proven |good | relapse |results THC |- |answersmost |potent |psychoactive |agent |in |cannabis |- |accounts |for |MOST |psychoactive |effects Cannabis |classification |- |answerslegal: |narcotic pharm: |CNS |depressant, |euphoriant, |hallucinogen
Cannabis |MOA |- |answers-THC |binds |to |CB1 |receptors |in |brain |and |SC -CB |receptor |when |activated |by |THC, |inhibits |excitatory |neurotransmitter |release |= |reduction |in | cognitive |function |+ |CNS |depression Cannabinoid |receptors |- |answersCB -large |# |of |CB1's |in |brain -NO |CB1's |IN |BRAIN |STEM |= |cannabis |does |not |affect |respiration |= |non-lethally -CB2 |only |found |outside |CNS |- |involved |in |inflammation Pharmokinetics |of |marijuana |- |answersTHC |slowly |metabolized |(1/2 |life |= |30hrs) -inhaled: |THC |absorption |rapid, |action |onset |immediate, |effect |4-5hrs -ingested: |slow |absorption, |action |delayed |30-60 |mins, |less |effect Effects |of |short-term |Cannabis |use |- |answersCNS: |relax, |drowsy, |euphoria, |impaired |motor |function Cardio: |incr |HR, |blood |flow, |postural |hypotension GI: |incr |appetite, |mouth |/ |throat |dryness Other: |lower |sex |drive, |ovarian |cycle |disruption Effects |of |long-term |Cannabis |use |- |answersshort-term |memory |loss, |decrease |concentration, |a | motivational |syndrome cardio: |usually |reversible- |BP |changes, |incr |HR respiratory: |bronchitis, |asthma, |sore |throat |(due |to |tar/carcinogens |in |smoke) fertility: |decrease |sperm |in |males, |decrease |FS |and |Luteinizing |hormone |in |females Medical |uses |of |cannabis |- |answers-nausea |(from |anti-cancer |drugs) -appetite |(from |anti-HIV |drugs) -neuropathic: |metered |dose |inhaler |used |(bypasses |dangers |of |inhaled |smoke) -other: |epilepsy, |glaucoma, |migraines Cannabis |abuse |(liability, |tolerance, |dependance, |addiction) |- |answersliability: |low-mod | (reinforcement |low) tolerance: |occurs |to |psychoactive |THC |properties, |cardio |effects, |performance |impairment | dependance: |occurs |w/ |high |dose |use, |mild |withdrawal addiction: |yes: |persistant |craving Define |opiates |- |answersany |drug |derived |from |opium |(i.e. |morphine, |codeine)
