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PHAR 100 – Introduction to Pharmacology Final Exam University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill (UNC) Academic Year 2025-
Path |of |drug |from |when |it |enters |to |exits |the |body |- |answers1. |Absorption
- |Distribution
- |Metabolism
- |Excretion Absorption |- |answersthe |movement |of |the |drug |from |the |site |of |administration |into |the |bloodstream Distribution |- |answersthe |movement |of |a |drug |from |the |blood |to |the |site |of |action |and |other |tissues Metabolism |- |answersthe |conversion |of |a |drug |to |a |different |chemical |compound. Excretion |- |answersmoving |of |the |drug |and |its |metabolites |out |of |the |body Routes |of |drug |administration |- |answers1. |Topical
- |On |the |skin -Transdermal -Inhalation
- |Enteral -Oral -Suppository -Buccal 3.Parenteral -IV -IM -Subcutaneous Why |and |how |do |adverse |drug |reactions |occur? |- |answersExample: |a |receptor |is |activated |in |a |blood | vessel |by |a |drug |designed |to |treat |hypertension. |The |rector |is |activated |by |the |ligand |that |is |bound |to |it, |and |the |blood |pressure |is |lowered. |However, |this |receptor |may |located |in |other |areas |of |the |
body. |The |subsequent |activation |of |this |receptor |in |other |areas |of |the |body |is |an |example |of |an | adverse |effect. Adverse |effects |- |answers1. |Extension |of |therapeutic |effect
- |Unrelated |to |main |drug |action
- |Allergic |reaction
- |Dependence |and |addiction
- |Teratogenesis
- |Adverse |biotransformation |reactions Why |does |drug |variability |exist |- |answers1. |Genetic |Factors
- |Environmental |factors
- |Diseased |states |(cardiovascular |or |kidney |disease |for |example)
- |Altered |Physiological |state -pregnant |or |elderly
- |Other |drugs |present |(competition) The |process |of |developing |a |new |drug |- |answers1. |Pre-clinical |testing -safety |and |potential |efficacy |in |lab |animals
- |Phase |I |Clinical |Trial -safety |and |tolerability |in |healthy |volunteers
- |Phase |II | -effectiveness |and |safety |in |a |small |number |of |patients
- |Phase |III -effectiveness |and |safety |in |a |large |number |of |patients
- |Phase |IV -post |market |surveillance |for |adverse |effects |and |safety
|When |CB1 |is |activated |by |THC |or |anandamide, |the |release |of |excitatory |neurotransmitters |is | inhibited |, |which |explains |the |depressive |CNS |effects |of |cannabis. CB1 |Receptors |- |answersFound |primarily |in |the |brain |but |also |throughout |the |body. |High |density |in | specific |brain |regions. Ex; |high |density |in |hippocampus |may |mediate |the |decrease |in |memory |and |learning CB2 |Receptors |- |answersfound |mainly |outside |the |brain |in |immune |cells |(lymphocytes), |may |be | involved |in |inflammation CNS |stimulants |- |answersstimulate |the |central |nervous |system ex: |caffeine, |amphets, |cocaine CNS |depressants |- |answersSubstances |that |slow |down |the |body's |functions, |including |heart |and | breathing |rates. ex: |sedative |hypnotics, |alcohol TD50 |- |answerstoxic |dose |in |50% |of |the |population Hallucinogens |- |answersLSD, |MDMA Therapeutic |Index |- |answersTD50/ED50- |the |range |of |plasma |concentrations |where |the |drug |is | effective |but |drug |toxicities |do |not |usually |occur. Opiates |- |answersdepress |neural |activity, |temporarily |lessening |pain |and |anxiety ex: |morphine, |codeine, |heroin ED50 |- |answersEffective |dose |in |50% |of |the |population Cytochrome |p450 |- |answersThe |general |name |for |a |large |class |of |enzymes |that |play |a |significant |role | in |drug |metabolism |and |drug |interactions. |Responsible |for |biotransforming |about |50% |of |all |drugs | used |clinically. Issue |with |taking |multiple |medications |simultaneously |- |answersCytochrome |p450 |is |responsible |for | the |biotransformation |of |multiple |medications. |If |someone |is |taking |two |or |more |drugs |metabolized | by |this |enzyme, |interaction |effects |could |occur |and |competition |for |the |receptor, |which |may |lead |to | toxicity. glutamate |- |answersprimary |excitatory |neurotransmitter |in |the |brain GABA |- |answersthe |primary |inhibitory |neurotransmitter |in |the |brain
acetylcholine |- |answersproduces |an |excitatory |CNS |response. |Acts |on |cholinergic |receptors muscarinic |receptors |- |answersinvolved |in |learning, |memory |and |cognitive |function. |Loss |of |these | neurons |is |thought |to |be |linked |with |Alzheimers |disease. nicotinic |receptors |- |answerscholinergic |receptors |that |also |respond |to |stimulation |by |nicotine catecholamines |- |answersdopamine, |norepinephrine, |epinephrine serotonin |- |answersA |neurotransmitter |that |affects |hunger, |sleep, |arousal, |and |mood. |Hyperactivity |is | involved |in |anxiety, |hypo-activity |involved |with |depression. opioid |peptides |- |answersenkephalins, |endorphins, |dynorphins Factors |affecting |substance |abuse |- |answers1. |Genetics
- |Co-existing |disorders
- |Environmental |risk |factors
- |Developmental |aspects |(childhood |abuse |etc.) The |dopamine |hypothesis |- |answersThis |hypothesis |suggests |that |drugs |of |abuse |increase |dopamine | in |the |reward |systems |of |the |brain |(i.e. |the |limbic |system). Classification |of |why |drugs |can |become |addictive |- |answers1. |Reward |(increase |dopamine)
- |Novelty |(euphoria)
- |Reduce |anxiety Nicotine |mechanism |of |action |- |answersacts |on |nicotinic |receptors, |thus |increases |psychomotor | activity, |cognitive |function |and |memory Caffeine |mechanism |of |action |- |answersadenosine |receptor |antagonist, |stimulates |GABAergic |neurons |that |then |inhibit |dopamine |release. four |main |effects |of |amphetamines |- |answers1. |excitation |(overstimulation)
- |euphoria |and |sense |of |reward
- |temp |regulation |and |appetite |suppression
- |increase |in |aggressive |behaviour |and |mood |swings Clinical |uses |of |amphetamines |- |answersADHD, |narcolepsy amphetamine |mechanism |of |action |- |answersblocks |VMAT, |increases |norepinephrine, |dopamine |at | the |synapse
Gram-negative |bacteria |- |answersBacteria |that |have |complex |cell |walls |with |a |thin |peptidoglycan | layer, |and |an |outer |membrane. |Very |toxic |and |hard |to |treat. Broad |spectrum |antibiotics |- |answersaffect |a |broad |range |of |gram-positive |or |gram-negative |bacteria ex: |tetracyclines Narrow |spectrum |antibiotics |- |answersEffective |against |specific |bacteria ex: |penicillin |G Fluroquinolones |- |answersinhibit |bacterial |DNA |synthesis ex: |ciprofloxacin Penicillins |and |cephalosporins |- |answersinhibiting |transpeptidase, |causing |the |cell |wall |to |lyse |and | inhibiting |cell |wall |formation tetracyclines |- |answersinhibits |bacterial |protein |synthesis |by |binding |to |the |30S |ribosomal |subunit ex: |doxycycline macrolides |- |answersinhibit |protein |synthesis |by |binding |to |the |50S |ribosomal |subunit ex: |erythromycin, |azithromycin sulfonamides |- |answersblock |folate |metabolism |by |inhibiting |PABA |incorporation |into |dihydropteroic | acid trimethoprim |- |answersblock |folate |metabolism |by |inhibiting |dihydrofolic |acid |reductase How |does |antibiotic |resistance |occur? |- |answersEvolution: |Antibiotics |kill |the |bad |bacteria, |and |the | good |bacteria |that |protects |the |body |from |infection. |the |bacteria |become |drug |resistant, |and |can | take |over |and |give |the |resistance |to |other |bacterial |cells. | Also: |misuse |of |antibiotics |clinically |(over-prescription |or |misdiagnosis) |and |antibiotics |in |the | environment |(through |agriculture) which |penicillin |is |resistant |to |penicillinase? |- |answersMethicillin
contraceptives |mechanism |of |action |- |answersrelease |of |GnRH |is |inhibited |from |the |hypothalamus, | pituitary |is |not |stimulated |to |release |FSH |and |LH. |Progestins |alter |the |secretions |of |endocervical | gland, |so |sperm |migration |is |not |optimal, |implantation |does |no |occur. adverse |effects |of |contraceptives |- |answers-blood |clots -heart |attack -stroke -hypertension benefits |of |contraceptives |- |answers-reduced |risk |of |ovarian |cysts -reduced |risk |of |cervical |and |endometrial |cancer -reduced |incidence |of |ectopic |pregnancy -less |anemia -less |acne Progestin |only |contraceptives |- |answersIUD, |norplant, |mini-pill, |depo-provera progestin |and |estrogen |- |answersfixed, |multiphasic, |and |continuous |oral |pills, |transdermal |patch gossypol |- |answersAn |ingredient |in |cottonseed |oil |that, |when |injected |or |implanted, |may |inhibit | sperm |production |and |was |effective |in |99% |of |subjects grandparenting |- |answersnew |regulations |don't |apply |to |drugs |already |on |the |market Internal |Analgesics |- |answersSalicylates Acetaminophen Ibuprofen antihistamines |- |answersmedicines |that |reduce |the |production |of |histamines antacids |- |answerssystemic-absorbed |by |GI |tract, |causing |systemic |alkalosis non-systemic- |do |not |cause |systemic |alkalosis drugs |that |target |(inhibit) |stomach |acid |secretion |- |answersProton |pump |inhibitors, |H2 |(histamine) | inhibitors decongestants |- |answersconstrict |blood |vessels |of |nasal |passages |and |limit |blood |flow, |which |causes | swollen |tissues |to |shrink |so |that |air |can |pass |more |freely |through |the |passageways cough |suppressants |- |answersperipheral-block |nerve |endings |in |the |throat
-pregnancy, |menstruation -periods |of |hard |physical |work -stress -hypothyroidism -fever -tissue |wasting |disorders Vitamin |A |- |answersgrowth |and |development, |rhodopsin |required |for |night |vision Vitamin |E |- |answersessential |for |many |reactions, |and |is |an |antioxidant |that |protects |cells |(in |the | cardiovascular |system) |from |free |radicals Vitamin |D |- |answersincrease |absorption |of |calcium |and |phosphate, |regulate |calcium |levels Vitamin |C |- |answerscontributes |to |the |framework |that |holds |cells |together, |required |for |bone |and | teeth |formation, |helps |absorb |iron B |vitamins |- |answersfolic |acid |and |B12 |work |together |in |the |synthesis |of |red |blood |cells food |preservatives |- |answersanti-bacterials -smoke -antibiotics -sodium |nitrite antioxidants -water |soluble: |prevents |browning |of |fruit -lipid |soluble: |prevents |fats |from |becoming |rancid coloring |agents |- |answers-added |to |products |in |order |to |enhance |the |appearance, |toxicity |rare |but |if | allergic |to |aspirin |allergic |to |tartrazine texture |agents |- |answersimprove |texture |of |food ex: |silicate, |gums, |agar flavouring |- |answerssubstances |such |as |artificial |flavourings, |and |smoke |used |to |enhance |taste usually |non |toxic |except |for |MSG |which |causes |tightening |of |muscles, |headache, |nausea sweetners |- |answersaspartame, |saccharin, |improve |sweetness |without |adding |extra |sugar
environmental |toxicant |- |answerschemical |that |is |released |into |the |environment |and |can |produce | adverse |health |effects |on |living |organisms acute |toxicity |- |answersadverse |effects |that |occur |within |a |short |period |after |exposure |to |a |toxicant chronic |toxicity |- |answersadverse |effects |that |occur |some |time |after |exposure |to |a |toxicant |or |after | extended |exposure |to |the |toxicant common |environmental |toxicants |- |answers1. |Air |pollution
- |Particulate |matter
- |Gaseous |air |pollutants DDT |- |answersincrease |neuronal |sensitivity, |increases |CNS |stimulation Organophosphorous |(malathion) |- |answersvery |toxic |to |humans: |irreversibly |inhibits | acteylcholinesterase |thus |acetylcholine |cannot |break |down |and |Ach |increases |in |the |nervous |system | which |leads |to |decreased |respiration, |blurry |vision |and |incontinence TCDD |- |answersherbicide |that |binds |to |aryl |hydrocarbon |receptor |which |is |involved |in |expression |of | many |genes adverse |effects |of |TCDD |- |answerspoisoning |manifests |as |chloracne, |and |may |cause |stillbirths/defects Paraquat |- |answersherbicide |that |causes |immediate |burns |to |mouth |and |stomach, |targets |the |lungs lead |toxicity |- |answerscan |cause |lead |encephalopathy |and |poor |motor |coordination chelating |agents |- |answersMedications |that |bind |with |heavy |metals |in |the |body |and |create |a | compound |that |can |be |eliminated; |used |in |cases |of |ingestion |or |poisoning. Lead |chelator |- |answersEDTA carcinogenesis |- |answers1. |Initiation -genetic |change
- |Promotion -cell |multiplication
- |Progression -malignancy Goals |of |chemotherapy |- |answersprevent, |cure, |control, |relieve alkylating |agents |- |answersprevent |DNA |replication mitotic |inhibitors |- |answersprevent |cell |division hormones |and |hormone |antagonists |- |answerscontrol |hormones |for |cancers |mediated |by |hormones, | ex: |thyroid |cancer
