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PHAR 100 – Final Exam University of California,
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Codeine |- |answers0.5% |opium | Pain |relief Morphine |- |answers10% |opium Immense |pain |reliever Gold |standard |drug Curare |- |answersIndigenous |people |dipped |arrows, |causing |paralysis |to |animals Paul |Enrlich |(father |of |chemo) Gerhard |Domagk Alexander |Fleming Selman |Waksman Morton |- |answersOrganoarsenicals--> |syphilis Sulfa |drugs Penicillin Streptomyocin |(TB) Ether Receptor |- |answersMolecule |located |on |the |inside |or |outside |of |a |cell |that |has |a |regulatory |role |in | homeostasis Agonists |- |answersDrugs |that |bind |to |a |receptor |and |stimulate |it Antagonists |- |answersDrugs |that |bind |to |a |receptor |but |block |the |response |that |it |normally |elicits Dose-Response |Relationship |- |answersIntensity |is |proportional |to |dosage Low |dose |= |little |response; |not |enough |receptors |activated | Threshold |dose |= |enough |receptors |activated |to |elicit |response | Past |threshold |= |small |increments |in |dose |lead |to |increasing |intensity |in |response | Max |effect |= |maximal |response; |once |you |increase |the |dose |past |maximum |there |is |no |increase |in | response ED | 50 |- |answersDose |that |results |in |50% |of |the |maximum |effect
Dose |that |is |effective |in |50% |of |the |population Efficacy |- |answersThe |maximum |response |that |can |be |produced |by |a |drug Potency |- |answersThe |strength |of |the |drug | The |amount |that |must |be |given |in |order |to |get |a |certain |response Therapeutic |Range |- |answersThe |dose |of |a |drug |that |keeps |blood |concentrations |above |the |minimum |needed |for |a |response |but |below |the |toxic |response |concentration | In |between |ineffective |and |toxic Bioavailability |- |answersThe |fraction |of |the |administered |drug |that |enters |the |bloodstream |(i.e. |100% | for |IV |administration) Absorption |- |answersMovement |of |a |drug |from |site |of |administration |to |the |blood Distribution/Redistribution |- |answersMovement |of |a |drug |from |blood |to |the |site |of |action |(i.e. |tissue) Metabolism/Biotransformation |- |answersConversion |of |a |drug |to |a |different |chemical |compound; | occurs |mainly |in |the |liver Excretion |- |answersMoving |a |drug |and |its |metabolites |out |of |the |body Half |Life |- |answersTime |needed |for |the |liver |and |kidney |to |remove |half |of |the |drug |from |the |body Teratogenesis |- |answersDrug |produces |birth |defects Therapeutic |Index |(TI) |- |answers= |TD50/ED Higher |TI |= |Safer |Drug | Lower |TI |= |Greater |chance |of |toxicity TD | 50 |- |answersThe |dose |that |is |toxic |in |50% |of |the |population Drug-Drug |Interactions |- |answersOne |drug |changes |the |pharmacological |effect |of |a |second |drug |
Increases |the |oxygen |carrying |capacity |of |the |blood Cerebral |Cortex |- |answersCoordination, |mental |processes, |memory, |consciousness Thalamus |- |answersTransmits |impulses |to |cerebral |cortex Pain |sensation Limbic |System |- |answersmemory |+ |emotion |+ |reward | contains |dopaminergic |reward |centres; |Dopamine |hypothesis Hypothalamus |- |answersInvoluntary |functions |(heart |rate, |body |temperature, |feeding, |drinking) Pituitary |Gland |- |answersSecretes |hormones |that |acton |peripheral |tissues Midbrain |- |answersLinks |forebrain |and |hindbrain Pons |- |answersConducts |signals |from |the |cerebral |cortex |to |the |medulla |and |cerebellum Medulla |- |answersControl |of |involuntary |activity | Depressed |by |drugs |that |depress |respiratory |function |and |blood |pressure Cerebellum |- |answersCoordination |and |posture Virus |- |answersA |small, |infectious |agent |that |is |only |able |to |multiply |within |the |living |cells |of |other | organisms, |including |animals, |plants, |and |bacteria Antibiotic |- |answersChemical |substance |that |suppresses |the |growth |of |bacteria | Purpose |is |to |stop |bacterial |infection Bacteriostatic |Effects |- |answersInhibit |bacterial |growth |and |reproduction Bacteriocidal |Effects |- |answersDirectly |kill |the |bacteria Gram |Negative |- |answersThin |peptidoglycan |layer Outer |membrane Gram |Positive |- |answersThick |peptidoglycan |layer | No |outer |membrane Penicillinase |- |answersEnzyme |that |breaks |down |penicillin Penicillin |V |- |answersMore |acid |stable |than |Penicillin |G; |can |survive |stomach |acid | More |enters |the |blood |than |G |when |taken |orally Methicillin |- |answersResistant |to |attack |by |penicillinase Ampicillin |and |Amoxicillin |- |answersBroader |spectrum; |can |target |gram |negative |bacteria |(ie |treat | UTIs)
Augmentin |- |answersCombination |semisynthetic |penicillin |that |has |a |penicillinase |inhibitor | Combats |penicillinase |producing |strains |of |bacteria Penicillin |G |- |answersNatural |Penicillin | Narrow |spectrum; |targets |gram |+ |bacteria | Treats |syphilis, |pneumonia, |ear |infection |.. Penicillin |- |answersInhibits |the |formation |of |the |cell |wall Cells |are |produced |without |a |cell |wall, |making |them |fragile |and |easily |lysed Cephalosporins |- |answersSimilar |to |penicillins | More |resistant |to |penicillinase Selective |inhibitors |of |bacterial |cell |wall |synthesis Fever |and |skin |rashes; |renal |toxicity |may |occur |(rare) Allergic |to |penicillin |= |allergic |to |cephalosporins Fluoroquinolenes |- |answersAntibiotics; |Inhibitors |of |bacterial |DNA |synthesis | Oral/IV |therapy |to |treat |gram |- |and |+ |bacteria | Ciprofloxacin Tetracyclines |- |answersAntibiotics; |Inhibitors |of |protein |synthesis | Broad |spectrum | Bacteriostatic | Bind |30S |ribosomal |subunit |of |tRNA; |prevent |addition |of |amino |acids |to |the |growing |chain Adverse |Effects |of |Tetracylines |- |answersGI; |nausea, |vomiting, |diarrhea | Teeth |discoloration | Can |breakdown |into |toxic |products |if |stored |for |too |long Macrolides |(i.e |erythromycin) |- |answersAntibiotic; |Inhibitors |of |protein |synthesis | Target |gram |+ |bacteria | Used |if |someone |is |allergic |to |penicillin Bind |50S |ribosomal |subunit; |prevent |peptide |bond |formation Adverse |Effects |of |Macrolides |- |answersNausea, |vomiting, |diarrhea Antifolate |Drugs |- |answersInhibit |folate |metabolism |(needed |for |bacteria |to |synthesize |DNA |and | proteins)
No |negative |effect |on |sex |drive |or |testosterone Tested |and |99% |effective |in |China Grandparenting |- |answersA |process |where |new |regulations |do |not |apply |to |those |products |already |on |the |market | I.e. |sale |of |acetaminophen Analgesic |- |answersPain |reliever Antipyretic |- |answersFever |reducer Prostaglandins |- |answersEndogenous |substances |that |enhance |mediation |of |pain |and |fever | Have |a |role |in |inflammation Aspirin |MOA |- |answersInhibits |synthesis |of |prostaglandins | Also |inhibits |platelet |aggregation |and |clot |formation Aspirin |Adverse |Effects |- |answersTinnitus | Reyes |Syndrome |(children) | Allergic |Reactions | Gastric |Irritation Acetaminophen |MOA |- |answersInhibit |prostaglandin |synthetases |(cooxygenase |I |and |II) |which |are | responsible |for |the |formation |of |prostaglandins Acetaminophen |Adverse |Effects |- |answersOD |--> |liver |failure NSAIDs |- |answersMost |effective |OTC |anti-inflammatory NSAIDs |MOA |- |answersReversible |inhibition |of |prostaglandin |synthesis NSAIDs |Adverse |Effects |- |answersGastric |irritation |(less |than |that |caused |by |uncoated |ASA) | Skin |rash Dizziness |and |blurred |vision Fluid |retention Antihistamines |MOA |- |answersBlock |histamine |receptors; |inhibit |binding |of |histamine; |decrease | allergic |symptoms First |Generation |Antihistamines |- |answersProduce |drowsiness |and |sedation Second |Generation |Antihistamines |- |answersPreferred |because |they |don't |cause |sedation | Ex. |cetirizine, |loratidine)
Non-Systemic |Antacids |- |answersGiven |orally |but |not |absorbed | Doesn't |lead |to |systemic |alkalosis Aluminum |Hydroxide |(non-systemic) |- |answersCoats |mucosal |lining |of |the |stomach, |protecting |it |from |acid | Adverse |effects: |decreased |phosphate |absorption, |constipation H2 |Antagonists |- |answersBlock |H2 |receptors | Reduce |amount |of |stomach |acid |secreted | More |effective |than |antacids Proton |Pump |Inhibitors |- |answersPermanently |bind |to |proton |pump | Inhibit |acid |secretion |by |90%+ | Minimal |adverse |effects; |most |effect Decongestants |- |answersConstrict |blood |vessels | Prevent |fluid |accumulation Centrally |Acting |Cough |Suppressants |- |answersBlock |processing |of |information |in |the |medulla | Reduce |frequency |of |cough | Sometimes |have |codeine Peripheral |Cough |Suppressant |- |answersBlock |nerve |endings |in |throat |and |bronchioles | Inhibit |stimulus |to |cough Cough |Suppressant |of |Choice |- |answersDextromethorphan |HBr Expectorants |- |answersReduce |viscosity |of |septum |by |increasing |secretions Sleeping |Aids |- |answersAntihistamine |with |sedative |properties |(diphenyhydramine) |and |an |analgesic | (acetaminophen) Stimulant |Laxatives |- |answersIncrease |motor |activity |of |the |itnestine |and |increase |secretion |of |mucus, |water, |and |electrolytes |into |the |intestine Bulk |Forming |Laxatives |- |answersSwell |in |water |to |form |emollient |gel |or |viscous |solution |that | maintains |soft |stool | Preferred Loperamide |- |answersAntidiarrheal |agent | Does |not |penetrate |into |the |CAN | Inhibits |gut |motility |by |acting |on |opioid |receptors |in |the |GI |tract |
Preservatives |- |answersAllow |transportation |of |food |to |far |destinations |
DDT |- |answersAn |organochlorine |insecticide | Used |to |control |malaria |but |stopped |because |insects |developed |resistance | Has |developmental |and |reproductive |effects | Has |been |phased |out Organophosphorus |Insecticides |- |answersSmall |impact |on |environment | Highly |toxic |to |humans | Absorbed |via |skin | Inhibit |acetylcholinesterase | Decreases |heart |rate | Death |via |respiratory |failure Herbicides |- |answersCapable |of |killing |or |injuring |plants Agent |Orange |- |answersHerbicide | Mimics |plant |growth |hormones, |causing |uncontrolled |and |unsustainable |growth | Results |in |plant |death | TCDD |toxicity |- |impairment |of |liver |and |CNS |function, |cancer, |birth |defects Paraquat |- |answersHerbicide | Highly |toxic |when |ingested | Cellular |damage |to |lungs | Death |due |to |lung |damage Main |Toxic |Components |of |Lead |- |answersLead |oxide |and |tetraethyl |lead Lead |Toxicity |Symptoms |- |answersAppetite |loss | Coordination |loss | Kidney |damage | Anemia Chelating |Agent |(EDTA) |- |answersLead |toxicity |treatment | Binds |to |lead |and |produces |a |water |soluble |complex |that |can |be |excreted Mercuric |Mercury |- |answersExposure |from |vapors | Accumulates |in |the |kidneys | Very |toxic
Chemo |Drugs |- |answersSlow |the |growth |of |rapidly |dividing |cancer |cells | Inhibit |DNA |synthesis, |protein |synthesis |and |cell |division Alkylating |Agent |- |answersBind |to |and |interfere |with |DNA |replication Mitotic |Inhibitors |- |answersAffect |microtubule |function |and |the |formation |of |spindle |fibers | Prevent |cell |division Hormones |and |Hormone |Antagonists |- |answersTreat |hormone |sensitive |tumors |by |suppressing |cell | division Biologicals |- |answersInhibit |cell |replication |by |blocking |cytokines |which |normally |control |cell |cgrowth Combination |Chemotherapy |- |answersChemotherapeutic |drugs |often |used |in |combination