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PHAR 100 – Final Exam Queen’s University, Kingston, Exams of Pharmacology

PHAR 100 – Final Exam Queen’s University, Kingston

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/11/2025

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PHAR 100 – Final Exam Queen’s University, Kingston Academic Year 2025-2026
Codeine |- |answersUsed |for |mild/moderate |pain |relief
0.5% |of |opium
Mophrine |- |answersused |of |intense |pain |relief
10% |of |opium
Drugs |are |- |answersany |substance |that |is |introduce |that |does |not |provide |nutriousal |value |and |
influence |the |biofunction |of |the |tissues
Pharmacology |- |answersScience |of |drugs |including |use, |effects |and |actions
Ephedrine |- |answerstreats |asthma
derivative |used |as |a |decongestant
Curance |- |poison |- |answersused |by |native |on |the |time |of |their |arrows |to |paralysis |voluntary |muscles
Curance |- |drug |- |answersused |as |a |muscle |relaxer
derivates |use |by |anesthesia
Ergot |- |poison |- |answersRestrict |blood |flow |t |finger |and |toes
violent |contracts |in |uterus
hallucination, |convulsions
two |Active |principles |of |ergot |- |answersErgotmine
Ergonovine
Ergotamine |- |used |for |- |answerstreat |migraines
constrict |blood |vessels |to |reduce |pulsation
Eronovine |- |used |for |- |answersno |longer |used |in |birth |- |contracts |to |violent
today |
- |used |to |arrest |uterine |bleeding |after |birth
Poisons |- |answersAll |substances |are |poisons. |
The |right |dose |determines |drug |vs |poison
Reserpine |and |Chlorpromazine- |uses |- |answersused |in |the |mentally |ill
converts |anxious, |tense, |and |hostile |person |to |someone |placid |and |tranquil
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PHAR 100 – Final Exam Queen’s University, Kingston Academic Year 2025-

Codeine |- |answersUsed |for |mild/moderate |pain |relief 0.5% |of |opium Mophrine |- |answersused |of |intense |pain |relief 10% |of |opium Drugs |are |- |answersany |substance |that |is |introduce |that |does |not |provide |nutriousal |value |and | influence |the |biofunction |of |the |tissues Pharmacology |- |answersScience |of |drugs |including |use, |effects |and |actions Ephedrine |- |answerstreats |asthma derivative |used |as |a |decongestant Curance |- |poison |- |answersused |by |native |on |the |time |of |their |arrows |to |paralysis |voluntary |muscles Curance |- |drug |- |answersused |as |a |muscle |relaxer derivates |use |by |anesthesia Ergot |- |poison |- |answersRestrict |blood |flow |t |finger |and |toes violent |contracts |in |uterus hallucination, |convulsions two |Active |principles |of |ergot |- |answersErgotmine Ergonovine Ergotamine |- |used |for |- |answerstreat |migraines constrict |blood |vessels |to |reduce |pulsation Eronovine |- |used |for |- |answersno |longer |used |in |birth |- |contracts |to |violent today |

  • |used |to |arrest |uterine |bleeding |after |birth Poisons |- |answersAll |substances |are |poisons. | The |right |dose |determines |drug |vs |poison Reserpine |and |Chlorpromazine- |uses |- |answersused |in |the |mentally |ill converts |anxious, |tense, |and |hostile |person |to |someone |placid |and |tranquil

Reserpine |and |Chlorpromazine- |Benefits |- |answerspatients |can |return |home |& |to |work Reduces |need |for |constants |care Lysergic |Acid |Diethylamid |(LSD) |- |contributed |- |answerssupported |theory |some |mental |ill |might |be | due |to |production |of |potent |substance |that |produce |psychic |disturbances Nitrous |Oxide |AKA |- |answersLaughing |Gas First |doctor |to |use |Nitrous |Oxide |- |answersWells, |dentist Ether |- |use |- |answersused |as |an |anesthesia |for |surgeries Ether |- |first |used |by |- |answersMorton, |doctor Organarsenicals |was |found |by |- |answersPaul |Ehrlich Organarsenicals |- |cured |what |- |answersSphilis |in |the |20th |century Paul |Ehrlich |was |dubbed |- |answersfather |of |chemo |therapy Sulfa |Drugs |- |are |what |type |of |drug |- |answersantibacterial Sulfa |Drugs |- |was |the |1st |? |- |answersSynthetic |drug |to |treat |bacterial |dieases Penicillion |- |who? |- |answersAlexander |Fleming penicillion |- |first |what |- |answersAntibotic penicillion |- |used |for |- |answerstreatment |of |gram-positive |bacterial |disease Streptomycin |- |who? |- |answersSelman |Waksman Streptomycin |- |treatment |- |answerstreatment |of |TB |and |Gram |Negative |Bacterial Sulfa |Drugs- |Who? |- |answersGerhard |Domagk What |is |an |antibotic |- |answersRefers |to |specific |chemical |created |by |micro |organisms |and |not | synthetic Drug |Discovery |- |what |happens |in |this |step? |- |answers- |identify |biological |target |for |the |future |drug

  • |determine |is |the |pharmacological |effect |is |molecular, |cellular, |organ, |or |whole |system
  • |identify |lead |compound Pre-clinical |- |what |happens |in |this |step? |- |answers- |is |the |drug |safe |and |effective
  • |conducted |prior |to |testing |on |humans
  • |studies |range |from |molecular, |tissue |and |whole |animal Pre-clinical |- | 2 |main |categories |that |are |focused |on |- |answersToxicology |& |Pharmacology Pre-clinical |- |Toxicology |- |answers- |determine |effect |on |other |organs |besides |the |target

Outcome |- |answersMeasured |in |a |objective |and |reliable |manner Patient |Complaince |- |answers- |must |be |considered |in |Phase | 3 |Clinical |trails

  • |can |be |as |low |as |50% |to |60% Quality |of |life |- |answers- |measurement |of |the |impact |of |the |drug |on |Patient's |life
  • |some |drugs |are |effective, |but |don't |improve |patients |QL Results |Analysis |- |answers- |comparing |experimental |and |control |groups |using |statistics Clinical |trial |phases |can |take |how |long |- |answers6-7 |years Health |Canada |Review |- |drug |approval |- |answers- |Manufacturer |submits |application |with |clinical |trials Bio |availability |Studies |- |answers- |study |blood |levels |to |confirm |levels |of |brand |and |generic Similarities |of |Generic |& |Brand |name |drug |- |answerscontain |identical |active |ingredient Phase |IV: |Post |approval |- |answers- |post |marketing |surveillance
  • |looking |for |risk/toxicity |that |is |less |then | 1 |in |1, Drug |development |- |Target |Research |- |answers- |Discovery |of |lead |compounds Drug |Development |- |Preclinical |Testing |- |answers- |Safety |& |Effective |in |lab |animals Drug |Development |- |Phase | 1 |- |answers- |testing |on |Healthy |volunteers |for |Safety |and |tolerance Drug |Development |- |Phase | 2 |- |answers- |Small |Patient |trial |testing |for |safety |and |effective Drug |Development |- |Phase | 3 |- |answers- |Large |Patient |trial |testing |for |safety |and |effective Drug |Development |- |Phase | 4 |- |answersPost |market |Surveillance Techniques |for |drug |advertising |- |answers- |Before/ |after
  • |Fear
  • |offering |easy |solution
  • |Catch |audience |attention
  • |Endorsed |by |authorities |or |celebrities
  • |Discredit |other |drugs Drug |targets |- |answers- |Drugs |designed |to |interact |with |one |target |usually |receptors Receptors |- |answers- |molecular |or |complex |bundle |of |molecules |located |inside |or |outside |of |a |cell | that |regulates |or |functional |role |in |the |body |
  • |many |different |all |throughout |the |body |- |location |determines |where |drug |will |act Agonists |- |answers- |bind |& |stimulated |receptor
  • |lock |and |key Antagonists |- |answers- |blocks |the |receptor
  • |lock |and |wrong |key |- |binds |but |does |not |activate Drug |targets |- |Chemical |Reactions |- |answersacid- |base |neutralization
  • |Ex: |Antacids |neutralizing |stomach |acid Drug |target |- |Physical |Chemical |forces |- |answers- |chemical |binding |to |prevent |a |pathway
  • |ex: |Cholestyramine |- |lowers |cholesterol |by |binding |to |bile |acid Dose- |Response |relationships |- |answers-dose |is |determined |by |amount |of |active |ingredient |taken |
  • |for |a |drug |to |achieve |its |desired |response |many |receptors |need |to |be |activated |at |once Low |dose |- |answers- |very |little |response |is |observed
  • |not |many |receptors |activated Increasing |dose |- |answers- |more |& |more |receptors |are |activated
  • |threshold |is |met |and |effect |is |seen Max |Dose |- |answers- |once |reached |= |no |additional |effect |for |therapeutic |response Threshold |Dose |met |- |answers- |a |small |increase |= |large |increase |in |response Dose |- |Response |Curve |- |answersrefers |to |the |relationship |between |an |effect |of |a |drug |and |the | amount |of |drug |given define |- |Drug |Efficacy |- |answers- |max |pharm |response |produced |by |a |specific |drug |in |the |biological | system
  • |searching |for |max |effect Define |- |Drug |Potency |- |answers- |dose |required |to |produce |certain |magnitude
  • |refers |only |to |the |amount |of |drug |needed |to |obtain |response Define |- |Therapeutic |range |- |answers- |maintaining |dose |which |is |higher |then |ineffective |but |lower | then |toxic |effects Define |- |Pharmacokinetics |- |answersdescribes |drug |movement |into, |through, |and |out |of |the |body What |does |ADME |Stand |for? |- |answersAbsorption, |Distribution, |metabolism, |Excretion. Methods |of |Drug |Administration |- |answersTopical, |transdermal, |inhaled, |oral, |rectum, Onset |of |drug |in |Topical |- |answersrapid |to |slow

Onset |of |IV |drugs |- |answers15 |to | 30 |sec Advantages |of |iv |Drugs |- |answerscan |be |used |for |any |drug |that |be |dissolved |in |water disAdvantages |of |of |IV |Drugs |- |answersresponse |is |immediate |and |intense |and |irreversible |in |the | event |of |a |drug |reaction costly prep |must |be |sterile |or |could |cause |fever Onset |of |Intramuscular |drugs |- |answers10 |to | 20 |minutes Define |Intramuscular |drugs |- |answersdrug |is |injected |into |the |muscle Onset |of |subcutaneous |drug |- |answers15 |to | 30 |minutes Define |subcutaneous |drug |- |answersinjected |into |the |deepest |part |of |the |skin |layer Why |does |the |dose |of |drug |not |equal |to |concentration |in |blood? |- |answersdue |to |absorption | differences |not |all |of |it |ends |up |in |the |blood Define |bio |availabilty |- |answersas |a |fraction |of |administered |dose Differs |between |drugs |and |administered |methods IV |= |100% other |= |<100% Define |Absorption |of |Drug |- |answersas |movement |from |site |of |drug |admin |to |blood How |does |absorption |through |aqueous |pores |work? |- |answersDrug |is |dissolved |in |water |around |the | cells |and |then |passes |through |small |openings |between |the |cells Diffusion |through |lipids |- |answers- |drug |is |absorbed |through |lipid |portion |of |the |cell

  • |ability |to |cross |depends |on |lipid |solubility Diffusion |through |active |or |carrier |mediated |transport |- |answers- |drug |binds |to |carrier |proteins |
  • |carry |moves |drug |and |then |releases |it |on |the |other |side
  • | 2 |methods |of |moving: |concentration |gradient |or |active |process |(against |gradient) Define |Drug |Distribution |- |answersthe |movement |of |a |drug |from |the |blood |to |the |site |of |action |and | other |tissues Define |Drug |Metabolism |- |answers- |conversion |of |drug |to |a |more |water |soluble |chemical |compound
  • |liver |does |most |of |the |work Steps |of |drug |actions |from |admin |to |excertion |- |answers1) |admin |of |drug |- |Concentration |high |in | blood |and |low |in |muscle |and |in |fat
  1. |15-30 |minutes |- |concentration |increasing |in |muscle |and |in |fat, |and |decreasing |in |blood
  2. |drug |begins |leave |muscle |and |fat |to |reenter |blood |stream
  3. |liver |begins |to |metabolism |drug |to |be |excertetion
  4. |Kidneys |begin |excreting |drug |through |urine Define |drug |Excretion |- |answers- |Moving |drug |and |metabolites |out |of |the |body |via |body |functions Methods |of |drug |excretion |- |answers- |Kidney, |GI |Tract |(feces), |Lungs, |Breast |Milk, |Saliva |& |Sweat Define |half |life |of |a |drug |- |answers- |The |time |needed |to |remove |half |the |drug |from |the |body five |stages |after |Admintration |- |answers- |Absorption |from |site |of |Admin
  • |Distribution |to |the |site |of |action, |and |throughout |the |body
  • |target |interaction |
  • |biotransformation
  • |excretion |from |the |body Reasons |for |Variables |in |drug |response |- |answers- |genetic |factors
  • |Environmental
  • |Disease |State
  • |Altered |physiological |state
  • |Presence |of |other |drugs Explain |Genetic |factor |in |drug |response |- |answers- |exists |in |the |receptors |and |the |way |the |drug |binds |to |the |site.
  • |Example: |the |differences |in |enzymes |involved |in |biotransformation |can |effect |the |rate |of | metabolism |of |the |drugs. |fast |version |slow Explain |Environmental |factor |in |drug |response |- |answers- |exposure |to |certain |chemicals |can |increase | liver |enzymes |responsible |for |biotransformation
  • |Chronic |alcohol |can |increase |enzymes |in |liver |affecting |rate |of |drug |metabolism Explain |Disease |factor |in |drug |response |- |answers- |can |alter |the |rate |in |which |drugs |are |handled |
  • |cardiovascular |and |kidney |function |can |be |impaired Explain |altered |physiological |factor |in |drug |response |- |answers# |of |changes |in |physiological |state |can | influence |drug |response Explain |age |of |patient |in |drug |response |- |answers- |elderly |more |susceptible |than |young |adults
  • |liver |and |kidney |funstion |can |reduce |as |we |age

The | 2 |components |of |the |nervous |system |- |answersCentral |(CNS) |and |Peripheral |(PNS) 2 |parts |of |Central |Nervous |sytem |- |answersBrain |and |Spinal |Cord Allopathic |Medicine |- |answersDrugs |used |by |mainstream |medicine Herbal |Medicine |- |answersPlant |products |sold |as |medicine Phytopharmaceuticals |- |answersDrugs |obtained |from |plants, |purified |and |used |at |therapeutic |doses | with |scientific |evidence |of |efficacy |and |documented |toxicity Allopathic |phytopharmaceuticals |- |answersFull |status |as |a |drug |that |meets |all |requirement |of |a |drug Food |supplement |- |answersA |herbal |product |that |is |used |at |one |quarter |of |the |proposed |therapeutic | dose Cancer |drug |class: |alkylating |agents |- |answersagents |binds |to |and |interfere |with |dna |replication Cancer |drug |class: |Mitotic |inhibitors |- |answersagents |affect |microtubule |function |and |the |formation |of |the |mitotic |spindle, |thereby |preventing |cell |division. Cancer |drug |class: |Hormones |and |hormones |antagonists |- |answersDrugs |are |used |to |treat |hormone | sensitive |tumours |by |suppression |cell |division. Cancer |drug |class: |Biologicals |- |answersA |number |of |drugs |derived |through |molecular |biological | techniques |inhibit |cell |replication |by |blocking |cytokines, |which |normally |control |cell |growth. |Some | drugs |are |also |antibodies |to |these |cytokines. penicillin |- |answersinhibits |cell |wall |synthesis Tetracyclines |- |answersinhibits |protein |synthesis Sulfonamindes |- |answersinhibits |folate |metabolism imidazoles |- |answersinhibits |cell |membrane |formations trimethiprim |- |answersinhibits |folate |metabolism Paul |Ehrlich |designed |- |answersOrganoarsenicals Organoarsenicals |- |answersselectively |bound |to |parasites |leasing |to |a |cure |for |syphilis Morphine |is |extracted |from |- |answersopium |poppy Morphine |is |the |gold |standard |for |- |answerspain |relief What |is |a |placebo |- |answersinert |substance |masquerading |as |a |drug The |sound |and |established |way |to |prove |or |disprove |the |value |of |a |new |medication |or |treatments |a | controlled |study. |This |includes: |- |answersThe |people |who |administer |the |drugs |do |not |know |who |is | receiving |the |drug |or |the |control |drug. Drug |A |can |only |relieve |pain |of |mild |intensity. |Drug |B, |on |the |other |hand, |relieves |pain |of |very | marked |intensity. |From |this |one |can |conclude |that: |- |answersDrug |B |has |greater |efficacy |than |Drug |A

Therapeutic |range |is |best |described |as |- |answersThe |range |of |plasma |concentrations |where |the |drug | is |effective |but |toxicities |usually |do |not |occur Ultra |short |duration |of |action |of |thiopental |is |due |to |- |answersredistribution |of |the |drug |from |the | brain |to |muscle |and |fat Intravenous |injections |are |- |answersdrugs |dissolved |in |purified |water; |provides |100% |bioavailability Penicillin |has |the |ability |to |combine |with |proteins |to |form |antigen, |and |small |percentage |of |the | population |receiving |penicillin |experience |adverse |effects. |These |adverse |effects |are |proper |classified | as: |- |answersDrug |Allergy The |TD50 |of |a |drug |in |rats |was |found |to |be |50mg/kg. |The |ED50 |of |the |same |drug |in |rats |was |1mg/kg. |From |this |information, |one |can |calculate |that |the |therapeutic |index |of |the |drug |in |rats |is: |- | answers The |primary |excitatory |neurontransmitter |in |the |brain |is |- |answersGlutamate Most |synaptic |tranmissions |are |what |type |of |communications |- |answersChemically |mediated How |is |drug |use |reinforced |- |answersDrug |use |is |reinforced |by |the |pleasurable |effect |produced |by |a | drug. True |or |false: |Cannabis |can |create |tolerance, |dependence, |and |addiction |- |answersTrue Administration |of |amphetamines |can |create |what |response |- |answersdecreased |respiration These |agents |in |cigarette |smoke |can |cause |cardiovascular |disease |- |answersNicotine |and |carbon | monooxide Caffeine |blocks |which |receptors |- |answersAdensosine |receptors The |use |of |amphetamines |by |athletes: |- |answersOften |results |in |less |that |5% |increase |in |athletic | performance Tolerance |occurs |to |which |effects |of |benxofiaxepines |- |answerssedative |and |hypnotic |effects Zolpidem |is |what |type |of |drug |- |answersa |new |GABA |receptor |agonist |which |has |minimal |effects |on | sleep |patterns Which |drug |can |be |used |for |methanol |poisoning |- |answersAlcohol Chronic |ethanol |abuse |can |cause |- |answerscirrhosis |of |the |liver, |an |irreversible |condition. Which |penicillins |is |resistant |to |the |action |of |penicillnase |- |answersMethicillin Co-trimoxazole |is |a |combination |of |trimethoprim |and |- |answerssulfamethozazole One |key |aspect |of |hormonal |contraceptives |is |- |answersthey |are |very |effective |when |taken |correctly. One |of |the |benefits |of |male |contraceptive, |gossypol |- |answersit |decreased |sperm |count |when |taken | orally |in |99% |of |the |subjects. Ibuprofen |is |effective |in |the |following |qualities |- |answersanalgesic, |antipyretic, |and |anti-inflammatory

A2: | 5000 |μg/2.54 |μg |= | 1968 |(Note | 5 |mg |converts |to | 5000 |μg) A3: |According |to |the |calculations, |this |means |that |the |daily |exposure |to |total |statins |in |drinking |water |is | 1968 |times |less |than |the |minimum |therapeutic |dose. |From |this, |we |can |conclude |that |exposure |to | 2.54 |μg |of |statins |daily |will |not |have |any |adverse |effects |on |human |health.