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PHAR 100 – Exam Questions and Correct Answers
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Phase |One |Drug |Trial |- |answersSmall |number |of |people Absorption, |distribution, |elimination, |and |adverse |effects |are |monitored Phase |Two |Drug |Trial |- |answersSmall |number |of |people Determines |if |drug |is |effective |in |treatment Phase |Three |Drug |Trial |- |answersLarge |number |of |people Safety |of |drug |is |carefully |studied Potency |- |answersAmount |of |drug |that |must |be |given |to |obtain |a |response Efficacy |- |answersMaximum |effect |of |the |drug Paul |Ehrlich |- |answersOrganoarsenic |compounds Salvarsan: |syphilis |treatment Gerhard |Domagk |- |answersSulfonamides Prontosil: |streptococcus Antimetabolites |- |answersAct |against |substances |required |for |metabolism |of |an |organism | Example: |sulfanilamide Sulfanilamide |- |answersAntimetabolite Therapeutic |Index |- |answersLethal |Dose |(Toxicity) |÷ |Effective |Dose Higher |means |safer Parenteral |Routes |- |answersIntramuscular Subcutaneous Intravenous Enteral |Routes |- |answersMouth Rectal Under |Tongue Drug |Dependence |- |answersPhysical |dependence | Psychological |dependence
Tolerance Abuse |Potential |- |answersDependence |liability Availability |of |drug Harmfulness CNS |Depressants |- |answersAlcohol Barbiturates | Benzodiazepines Sedative-Hypnotics |- |answersBarbiturates Benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines |- |answersActivate |GABA High |therapeutic |index Relief |from |anxiety Example: |Diazepine, |Flurazepam Gamma-Amino-butyric |Acid |(GABA) |- |answersMajor |inhibitory |neurotransmitter |in |CNS Barbiturates |- |answersLow |therapeutic |index Suppress |REM |sleep Major |problem |of |respiratory |depression Long-Acting |Barbiturate |- |answersPhenobarbital Short-Acting |Barbiturate |- |answersSecobarbital Ultrashort-Acting |Barbiturate |- |answersThiopental Flumazenil |- |answersBlocks |effects |of |benzodiazepines | GABA |antagonist Zolpidem |- |answersGABA |receptor |agonist Does |not |disturb |REM Buspirone |- |answersActs |on |5-HT |receptor Chloral |Hydrate |- |answersOld |hypnotic Diazepine |- |answersBenzodiazepine |Example Flurazepam |- |answersBenzodiazepine Naloxone |- |answersBlocks |opioids
Decreases |heart |rate Example: |Propranolol Nifedipine |- |answersCalcium |channel |blocking Angina Cardiac |Glycosides |- |answersCongestive |heart |failure: |increases |force |of |contraction Arrhythmia Digitalis |- |answersDigitoxin Digoxin Ouabain Lipoproteins |- |answersChylomicrons VLDL LDL |(bad |lipoprotein) HDL |(good |lipoprotein) Cholestrymine |- |answersUsed |when |LDL |levels |are |elevated Gemfibrozil |(Fibrates) |- |answersUsed |when |VLDL |levels |are |elevated Niacin |- |answersDecreases |VLDL |and |LDL |levels Increases |HDL |levels Lovastatin |(statins) |- |answersInhibit |enzyme |which |catalyzes |rate-limiting |step |in |cholesterol | biosynthesis Lowers |LDL |and |total |cholesterol Factors |that |Control |Blood |Pressure |- |answersVolume |of |fluid |in |blood |vessels Resistance |to |blood |flow |in |circulation Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone |system Thiazide |- |answersDiuretic |used |in |treatment |of |hypertension Example: |Hydrochlorothiazide Beta |Blocker |- |answersExample: |Propranolol Propranolol |- |answersBeta |blocker Treatment |of |hypertension Alpha |blocker |- |answersExample: |Prazosin
Prazosin |- |answersAlpha |blocker Dilates |arterioles |and |veins Treatment |of |hypertension Adrenergic |Neuron |blocker |- |answersExample: |Reserpine Reserpine |- |answersAdrenergic |Neuron |blocker Treatment |of |hypertension Hydralazine |- |answersVasodilator Nifedipine |- |answersCalcium |channel |blocker Narrow |Spectrum |Antibiotics |- |answersAct |primarily |on |gram-positive |bacteria Example: |Penicillin |G Broad |Spectrum |Antibiotics |- |answersAct |on |both |gram-positive |and |gram-negative |bacteria Examples: |tetracyclines |and |chloramphenicol Bactericidal |- |answersAntibiotics |that |destroy |microorganisms | Example: |Penicillin |G Bacteriostatic |- |answersAntibiotics |that |prevent |multiplication |of |microorgansims Example: |tetracycline Penicillin |G |- |answersAntibiotic Gram-Positive Cloxacillin |- |answersAntibiotic Used |when |bacteria |becomes |resistant |to |Penicillin |G In |particular |for |Staphylococcus |aureus Penicillin |V |- |answersAntibiotic Used |for |oral |administration |due |to |stability Ampicillin |and |Amoxacillin |- |answersUseful |against |some |gram-negative |bacteria | Example: |E.Coli Carbenicillin |- |answersAntibiotic Broader |spectrum |than |ampicillin |and |amoxacillin Effective |against |pseudomonas |aeruginosa Augementin |- |answersAntibiotic
Broader |spectrum |of |activity |than |third |generation Vancomycin |- |answersAntibiotic Effective |against |staphylococci |organisms Inhibits |cell |wall |formation Fluoroquinolones |- |answersAntibiotic Effective |against |gram-positive |and |gram-negative Can |be |given |orally Inhibit |bacterial |DNA |synthesis | Example: |Ciprofloxacin Erythromycin |- |answersAntibiotic Effective |against |gram-positive |and |some |gram-negative Effective |alternative |to |penicillin Inhibits |bacterial |protein |synthesis Azithromycin |and |Clarithromycin |- |answersAntibiotic Chemically |modified |forms |of |Erythromycin More |effective |than |Erythromycin, |but |more |expensive Tetracyclines |- |answersAntibiotic Broad |spectrum |activity Inhibits |bacterial |protein |synthesis Currently |less |effective |due |to |over/misuse Chloramphenicol |- |answersAntibiotic Broad |spectrum Can |cause |fatal |bone |marrow |failure Amnioglycosides |- |answersAntibiotic Gentamicin Streptomycin Gentamicin |- |answersAntibiotic Aminoglycoside Effective |against |gram-negative |bacteria
Low |therapeutic |index Streptomycin |- |answersAntibiotic Effective |against |gram-negative |bacteria | First |drug |used |in |treatment |of |tuberculosis Low |therapeutic |index, |now |used |only |when |resistance |to |first-line |drugs |has |occured Tuberculosis |Treatment |- |answersIsoniazid |and |Rifampin |daily |for |six |months | Pyrazinamide |daily |for |first |two |months Co-trimoxazole |- |answersAntibiotic Consists |of |sulfamethoxazole |and |trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole |has |a |similar |half |life |to |trimethorpim Important |in |the |treatment |of |HIV-positive |individuals Co-trimoxazole |MoA |- |answersAntibiotic Sulfamethoxazole |inhibits |para-aminobenzoic |incorporation |into |dihydrofolic |acid | Trimethoprim |inhibits |dihydrofolic |acid |reductase, |thus |inhibiting |tetrahydrofolic |acid |formation Amphotericin |B |- |answersAntifungal |drug Drug |of |choice |for |treatment |of |severe |fungal |infections Must |be |taken |intravenously Imidazoles |(or |Azoles) |- |answersAntifungal |drugs Can |be |taken |orally | Examples: |Ketoconazole, |Fluconazole, |and |Itraconazole Amantidine |- |answersAntiviral |drug Prevention |against |infuenza Oseltamivir |(Tamiflu) |- |answersAntiviral |drug Neurominidase |inhibitor |(blocks |spread |of |virus |from |cell |to |cell)` Acyclovir |- |answersAntiviral |drug Used |for |treatment |of |herpes, |chicken |pox, |and |shingles Optimal |Therapy |For |HIV |Treatment |- |answersTwo |nucleoside |analogues A |protease |inhibitor Chloroquine |- |answersAntimalarial |drug
Analgesic, |and |antipyretic Example: |Tylenol Ibuprofen |- |answersInternal |analgesic Analgesic, |antipyretic, |and |anti-inflammatory Example: |Advil Naproxen |- |answersInternal |analgesic Analgesic, |antipyretic, |and |anti-inflammatory May |emerge |as |most |effective |OTC |anti-inflammatory |agent Example: |Anaprox Antihistamines |- |answersBlock |the |histamine |receptor |(H1) Prevents |histamine |from |producing |vasodilation |and |inflammation Dopamine |Receptors |- |answersD1: |Excitatory | D2: |Inhibitory Norepinephrine |Receptors |- |answersAlpha |receptors Beta |receptors Glutamate |Receptors |- |answersGlutamatergic |receptors Glutamate |- |answersMain |excitatory |neurotransmitter |in |the |brain