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Pediatric Nursing Final 2025 Correct Verified Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Frontier Nursing University (FNU)Nursing

Infancy - correct answer>>-stage of development -includes neonatal (birth-1 month) and infancy (1 month and 1 year) early childhood - correct answer>>-stage of development -includes toddler (1-3 years) and preschooler (3-6 years) middle childhood - correct answer>>-stage of development -school age years (6-12) late childhood - correct answer>>-stage of development -adolescent years (13-20) oral - correct answer>>-Freud's theory of development during the infant stage. -during this period of time, offer the child a pacifier, oral stimulants, feedings -pleasure is focused on oral activities, feeding and sucking Trust vs. mistrust - correct answer>>-Erikson's theory of development during the infant

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Pediatric Nursing Final 2025 Correct Verified

Questions and Answers

Infancy - correct answer>>-stage of development

-includes neonatal (birth-1 month) and infancy (1 month and 1 year)

early childhood - correct answer>>-stage of development

-includes toddler (1-3 years) and preschooler (3-6 years)

middle childhood - correct answer>>-stage of development

-school age years (6-12)

late childhood - correct answer>>-stage of development

-adolescent years (13-20)

oral - correct answer>>-Freud's theory of development during the infant stage.

-during this period of time, offer the child a pacifier, oral stimulants, feedings

-pleasure is focused on oral activities, feeding and sucking

Trust vs. mistrust - correct answer>>-Erikson's theory of development during the infant

stage

-during this period of time, offer the child comfort, consistent care, manage pain, and

meet physical needs.

-development of a sense of trust is crucial in the first year

-when infant's needs are met, the sense of trust is developed

sensorimotor - correct answer>>-Piaget's theory of development during both the infant

stage.

-during this period of time, offer the child crib mobiles, bright toys, interesting stimuli

and safe objects, peek a boo.

-infants learn about themselves and the world through their developing sensory and

motor capacities

-they learn object permanence which usually develops between 4-7 months

-by 12 months, the infant learns that they are separate from their caregiver and can

recognize self in mirror

-infants may imitate gestures, such as putting phone to ear or turning a cup to drink

substages - correct answer>>within Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development, there

are four ____ including reflexes, primary circular reaction, secondary circular reaction,

and coordination of secondary schemes

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Pediatric Nursing Final 2025 Correct Verified

Questions and Answers

Infancy - correct answer>>-stage of development

includes neonatal (birth-1 month) and infancy (1 month and 1 year) early childhood - correct answer>>-stage of development
includes toddler (1-3 years) and preschooler (3-6 years) middle childhood - correct answer>>-stage of development
school age years (6-12) late childhood - correct answer>>-stage of development
adolescent years (13-20) oral - correct answer>>-Freud's theory of development during the infant stage.
during this period of time, offer the child a pacifier, oral stimulants, feedings
pleasure is focused on oral activities, feeding and sucking Trust vs. mistrust - correct answer>>-Erikson's theory of development during the infant stage
during this period of time, offer the child comfort, consistent care, manage pain, and meet physical needs.
development of a sense of trust is crucial in the first year
when infant's needs are met, the sense of trust is developed sensorimotor - correct answer>>-Piaget's theory of development during both the infant stage.
during this period of time, offer the child crib mobiles, bright toys, interesting stimuli and safe objects, peek a boo.
infants learn about themselves and the world through their developing sensory and motor capacities
they learn object permanence which usually develops between 4-7 months
by 12 months, the infant learns that they are separate from their caregiver and can recognize self in mirror
infants may imitate gestures, such as putting phone to ear or turning a cup to drink substages - correct answer>>within Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development, there are four ____ including reflexes, primary circular reaction, secondary circular reaction, and coordination of secondary schemes

7.5, 10 - correct answer>>-the average newborn weighs ____ pounds at birth and loses up to ___ % of their body weight within the first week 4 - correct answer>>newborns typically double their weight by age ____ 20 - correct answer>>___ in. is the average length of the newborn and increases by 50% by 12 months of age 14 - correct answer>>____ in (35 cm.) is the average head circumference size at birth. babinski - correct answer>>which newborn reflex remains for the first year of life, unlike the other reflexes which disappear within the first few months? birth - correct answer>>rooting, sucking, palmar grasp, stepping, plantar grasp, and babinski reflexes are all present at ____. 6/8 weeks-6 months - correct answer>>how long is the infant's tonic neck reflex normally present? 3 months-2 years - correct answer>>how long is the infant's landau reflex normally present? hearing - correct answer>>which sense is fully developed at birth? nearsighted - correct answer>>-newborn's sight is typically ____ at birth.

full color vision typically develops by 7 months of age taste and smell - correct answer>>-these senses develop rapidly after birth
newborns can differentiate the smell of their mother's breastmilk from others 3 - 5 - correct answer>>-the guideline for introducing foods to infants is every ____ days.
allergies can develop and it can be hard to detect which is causing the allergy if several foods are introduced at the same time. 6 months - correct answer>>-the infant should rely on solely breastmilk until at least ____ of age, then the caretaker can start to introduce solid foods.
by this age, the infant should be able to sit up supported in a high chair and fed with a spoon, unless the tongue extrusion reflex is still present. This reflex typically disappears by 4-6 months' age.

2 months - correct answer>>by _____ age, the infant may start to smile and coo, hold head up for short periods, show interest in whats going on around, moves all extremities simultaneously, and begins to trust caregivers 4 months - correct answer>>-by _____ age, the infant is more alert and can have more difficulty falling asleep. by this age, establish a nighttime routine

the infant can grasp objects, bring hands together, bears weight on legs, coos, laughs, squeals, begins to listen to others, recognizes caregivers, follows 180 degrees with eyes, has good head control, and has facial expressions. cephalocadual - correct answer>>infants gross motor skills develop in a _____ fashion, from head to toe. proximodistal - correct answer>>infants fine motor skills develop in a ____ fashion, from center to periphery. 6 months - correct answer>>by ____ of age, the infant is more social, interacts with parents, plays with objects, transfers objects between hands, sits alone with minimal support, rolls both directions, can crawl, experience separation anxiety, responds to name, babbles, and brain's weight is about 1/2 of it's adult size 9 months - correct answer>>-by ____ of age, the infant is on the move; he can sit well, crawl, creep, pull up. Pincer grasp and ability to feed self is seen by this time, and the infant can also start to wave, indicate wants, combines syllables and say moma/dada, drops, throws, , bangs objects, object permanence is developed 6 - 8 months - correct answer>>the first set of teeth tend to develop by _____ age. 30 - 60, 20- 30 - correct answer>>the respiratory rate decreases from ____ at birth to ____ by 12 months physiologic anemia - correct answer>>-infants may experience ____ ____ throughout the first 2-3 months of life due to the shorter lifespan of HbgF versus HbgA in adults.
the stores of iron may be sufficient for the first 6-9 months then can become depleted. IgG, IgM - correct answer>>infants begin to synthesize their own ___ after about 6 months, which reaches approx. 60% adult levels by 12 months. ____ is produced significantly after birth and reaches adult levels by 9 months.

antecupital fossa - correct answer>>-the ___ ___ located on the infant's head remains open until approximately 12-18 months age, to allow for rapid brain growth

the brain continues to grow and develop tremendously for the first 2 years of life. teaching guidelines - correct answer>>- _____ ____ for parents of infants for the first 12 months' life includes:
put infant on the back to sleep, no co sleeping with infant, do not keep pillows/blankets in crib
don't smoke around infant. This can lead to chronic asthma
keep the infant in shade. You can't put sunscreen on their skin until after 6 months age.
don't use walkers.
keep small objects and plants out of reach. keep bathroom door closed and toilet seats down.
do not leave the newborn unattended during bath time. They can drown easily and are very sensitive to water temperature.
tummy time 20 minutes per day. stranger - correct answer>>___ anxiety typically develops around 8 month's age. The child may become clingy/whiny when approached by strangers. This indicates the infant can recognize him or herself as separate from others. separation - correct answer>>-______ anxiety may start within the last few months of infancy. this results in distress when the caregiver leaves then will calm down with current caregiver.
typically displayed during 18-24 months then again between 24-36 months temperament - correct answer>>This is the child's inborn traits that determine how he or she interacts with the world and has a large range. solitary - correct answer>>infants typically engage in ____ play, not wanting to share with others.

2 - correct answer>>the head circumference reaches about 90% of it's adult size by __ years of age 7 - correct answer>>alveoli continue to increase in number as growth continues, and do not reach adult numbers until approximately ___ years 16 - 24 - correct answer>>bladder and kidney function reach adult levels by ____ months potbelly - correct answer>>the toddler typically has a ___ until approximately 3 years, then the musculature strengthens and belly flattens. physiologic anorexia - correct answer>>-during the toddler years and in between growth spurts, _____ ____ may be displayed because the toddlers won't be as hungry.

During this time it's important to try to prevent overweight and child obesity by feeding them nutritiously. Fat and cholesterol should be restricted. 500 - correct answer>>-a toddler requires ___ mg. of Ca per day.
One cup of milk, 8 oz. of yogurt, and 1.5 oz. of cheese provide about 300 mg.
other sources include broccoli, oranges, sweet potatoes, tofu, dried beans, and legumes. 4 - 6, 16- 24 - correct answer>>juice intake should be limited to ___ oz. and milk intake should be limited to ___ oz. during the toddler years. 3, 2 - correct answer>>the toddler typically eats ___ meals per day with __ snacks self feeding - correct answer>>-During the toddler years, promote ___ ___ by using child size utensils, seat them in high chairs, never leave them unattended, and minimize distractions
offer a variety of foods at each meal.
avoid using food as a reward or punishment
encourage water rather than sweet drinks or fruit juice. toddlers are not growing as fast so there will be times when she is not hungry - correct answer>>the nurse is providing nutrition advice to a mother of a 2 year old. which of the following provides the best advice?

low fat yogurt, whole or low fat milk, broccoli - correct answer>>which of the following are the best sources of Ca for a toddler diet? raisins, beans, whole grains - correct answer>>a mother reports that her 2 year old will not eat meat. Which of the following are plant sources of iron that you can recommend? 12 - 15 - correct answer>>-by ____ months age, the child can make 2 similar sounds like "da-da"

walks independently and has a characteristic toddler's gait.
picks up strings, uses pincer grasps, feeds self, throws ball, stacks blocks, turns pages of book, drinks from cup, helps with dressing, can button and zip, use utensils
claps 2 toys together, looks for hidden objects, dumps things out of containers, copies single line drawings
pulls on hand or clothes for attention, comes to you for help developmental screening - correct answer>>-recommended for every child 5 and younger which screens for developmental, emotional, and behavioral problems
over 25% of children are at risk
focuses on the positive development and helps to identify children with delays or problems early in life running, jumping, hitting - correct answer>>common displays of emotion for a toddler egocentrism - correct answer>>-common social/emotional development milestone displayed in the toddler and preschooler years.
defined as the need to feel in control of his or her own world
the child will approach problems from a single point of view. 24 months - correct answer>>-by ___ age, the child can point to correct pictures in a book, imitate a 2 word sentence, follow directions, walk down stairs with rails, kick large balls, run, jump, use spoon without spilling, drink from cup without spilling, turn page of book, stack blocks, copy line drawings, use pretend play, and comb hair. 50 - correct answer>>by age 2, the toddler begins to use short words and sentences. Vocab progresses to approximately ___ words. hep. B, hib 4, ipv 3, MMR, varicella, pcv, influenza, hep a - correct answer>>toddler required immunizations within first 12-15 months

initiative vs. guilt - correct answer>>-erikson's theory of development during the preschooler years.

during this period of time, the child engages in therapeutic play, and allow the child to have a choice and initiate activities.
the child feels pride in accomplishment of tasks and guilt when tasks aren't accomplished due to stretching self beyond capabilities.
conscience development is completed during this time
praise the child when they complete a task preoperational - correct answer>>-Piaget's theory of development during the preschooler years
during this period of time, offer explanations in simple terms, assure the child that bad behavior does not illness or injury.
the child's thoughts are based on a self centered understanding of the world
magical thinking (belief that thoughts are all powerful)
imaginary friends are common and a normal part of development in order to practice conversation skills. 2.5- 3 - correct answer>>the average preschooler grows ____ inches per year in height 4 - 5 - correct answer>>the average preschooler gains ____ pounds per year. 6 - correct answer>>permanent teeth usually begin to erupt by ____ years of age. transduction - correct answer>>-commonly seen in preschoolers, and is defined as going from one subject to another even if they may be unrelated. preschool - correct answer>>-during the ___ years, children at this age are learning how to deal with angry feelings, sometimes may be inappropriate (fighting, biting)
children adhere to standards which gain reward or to avoid punishment
lying typically begins around this time. fine - correct answer>>___ motor skills that have typically developed by the preschool years include the ability to move fingers independently, scribble, copy a circle, trace a square, and can write letters by age 5 gross - correct answer>>___ motor skills that have typically developed by the preschool years include the ability to be agile while standing, walking, running and jumping;can go up and down stairs, and stand on tip toes.

communication - correct answer>>-_____ skills and development seen by the preschool years include:

telegraphic speech (using short sentences with important information)
by 2, the child uses 50-100 words, the about 2000 by age 5
development of fluency
the child is not capable of abstract thought at this age.
by the end of the preschool years, the child uses sentences that are adult like cooperative - correct answer>>-the school aged child typically engages in ____ play
encourage child to take turns while playing with others nutrition - correct answer>>-preschool ___ promotion includes:
encourage a variety of foods to the child.
encourage parents to remain calm and kind during mealtime, while maintaining a matter of fact approach. They can provide foods for the child, while allowing the child the choice to eat the amount they desire and not giving in the pleas for unhealthy food choices 5 - correct answer>>by age ___, swimming lessons should be started. Children should learn to swim by this time if possible. Drowning is a serious risk factor for preschool aged children. 3 - correct answer>>by age ____, the child can climb walls, pedal a tricycle, bend over without falling, undress self, copy a circle, and screw/unscrew lids 4 - correct answer>>by age ____, the child can throw a ball overhead, kick ball forward, hop on one foot, alternate feet going up and down stairs, move backward/forward, use scissors, copy capital letters, lace shoes, draw a person with 2-4 body parts 5 - correct answer>>by age ___, the child can stand on one foot for longer than 10 seconds, do somersaults, may learn to skate or swim, print letter, tie laces, cares for own toileting needs, count to 10, name 4+ colors, have concept of time latency - correct answer>>-Freud's theory of development during the school age years.
during this time, allow for privacy
focuses on activities that develop social and cognitive skills
development of social skills through joining groups, clubs

logical - correct answer>>____ consequences are consequences that are realistic. used during the school aged years.

example: if you don't put your bike away, you don't get to ride in the rest of the day. school - correct answer>>-gross motor skills in the _____ aged child include coordination, balance, rhythm, bike riding, jump rope, dance, baseball, soccer
fine motor skills include hand eye coordination, play instruments, sew, build models, plays games
other skills: learning to read, grammar increases, self esteem development, body image, school aged fears, peer relationships. adolescent - correct answer>>during the _____ years (11-20), there are drastic changes in physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and psychosexual areas. There may be some overlap between late school age and this time. associative, dramatic - correct answer>>preschool aged children typically engage in ____ and ____ play, defined as playing with other children and accepting roles during play, such as playing teacher or house flu vaccine - correct answer>>the child should begin receiving the annual _____ at 6 months hepA, MMR, varicella - correct answer>>the ____, ____, and ____ vaccines require 2 doses for immunity. hepB - correct answer>>-the ____ vaccine requires 3 doses for immunity
Given at birth, then again 2 more times between the first 2-6 months HI HiP Dr - correct answer>>-how to remember immunizations given at birth, 2, 4, and 6 months.
HepB, Ipv, HiB, Pvc, Dtap, Rv Hi Very Practicing MD - correct answer>>-how to remember immunizations given between 12-15 months
HiB, Varicella, HepA(2x), Pvc, Mmr, Dtap (15-18 mo)

DIM V - correct answer>>-how to remember immunizations given between 4-6 years

Dtap, Ipv, Mmr, Varicella HM - correct answer>>-how to remember immunizations given at 12 years
Hpv, Meningococcal night - correct answer>>-after 4 months age, ___ feedings are unnecessary.
establish a routine and allow the infant to learn how to self soothe after 4 months. 5 point front facing - correct answer>>a ______ car seat is recommended for the child up to 40-90 pounds, regardless of age. booster with belt positioning - correct answer>>a _______ car seat is recommended for the child's weight of 80-100 pounds, or until 8-12 years. falls, drowning, car accidents - correct answer>>highest causes of injury in the preschool aged child? 700 - 1000, 7- 10 - correct answer>>preschoolers 3-5 requires _____ mg. of Ca and ____ mg. iron per day prepubescence - correct answer>>_____ is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics, rapid growth for girls, and continued growth for boys during the school aged years. 14 - correct answer>>children younger than ____ years old should not sit in the front seat of the vehicle with an air bag 6 - 8 - correct answer>>children ____ years old need 12 hours of sleep per night 8 - 10 - correct answer>>children ____ years old need 10-12 hours of sleep per night 10 - 12 - correct answer>>children ____ years old need 9-10 hours of sleep per night puberty - correct answer>>physiologic changes associated with _____ include:
increase in testosterone and estrogen leads to growth of pubic hair and changes in genitalia.

7 - 8 - correct answer>>-Alveoli reach adult capacity by ____ years of age. Alveoli make up the majority of the lung tissue and are the major site for gas exchange. By this time, numbers reach approximately 300 million.

Due to the smaller number as a child, they are at higher risk for hypoxemia and carbon dioxide retention. tongue, tonsillar tissue - correct answer>>-A child's _____ and ______ is relatively larger than in adults, which increases risk of airway obstruction. airway lumen - correct answer>>-infants and children have a smaller ____ ___ which decreases the capacity of air when edema and mucus are present in the trachea. This also increases the work of breathing.
The infant's trachea is approx. 4 mm wide compared with the adult's width of 20 mm. pediatric anatomy - correct answer>>-smaller shorter airways
underdeveloped cartilage
lung size in proportion to body weight
nose breathers
poor intercostal muscles
irregular respiratory pattern
increased oxygen metabolic needs
fewer alveoli and bronchioles
enlarged tonsils
horizontal eustachian tubes
flexible larynx
resistance
seasonal variations
underdeveloped cricoid cartilage (leads to laryngeal narrowing)
susceptible to dynamic collapse
airways muscles less functional horizontal - correct answer>>_____ eustachian tubes don't allow for easy drainage of fluid from the tympanic membranes, resulting in fluid accumulation. cricoid cartilage - correct answer>>children younger than 10 years old have underdeveloped ____ ____. This results in laryngeal narrowing which increases the risk of aspiration into the lower airway.

Winter - correct answer>>in ____ months, an increase in respiratory disorders will be more prevalent compared to summer allergies - correct answer>>There is typically an increase in _____ during the spring months in comparison to the summer bifurcation - correct answer>>-the ____ of the trachea occur in T3 of children, compared to T6 in adults.

This is important to know when suctioning children and when using an endotracheal tube because this can increase the risk for foreign material aspiration. diagnosis - correct answer>>-A thorough health history surrounding potential problems will be helpful in forming a _____ and formulating a treatment plan.
Ask the parent and child about symptoms such as fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, past and family history, immunizations, respiratory sounds, nasal congestion, sore throat, abdominal pain, ear pain, recurrent problems, prematurity, poor weight gain, chronic lung disease pallor - correct answer>>occurs as a result of peripheral vasoconstriction to conserve oxygen cyanosis - correct answer>>-occurs as a result of hypoxia and oxygen deficiency.
assess if this is presenting as circumoral or central. circumoral - correct answer>>______ cyanosis is present around the mouth which can lead to central. central - correct answer>>____ cyanosis is a true sign of hypoxia. Assess if this is midline. acrocyanosis - correct answer>>-presenting as blue-ish hands/feet. This is a normal finding in infants rapid, shallow - correct answer>>-_____ and ____ breathing (tachypnea) is a common first indicator of a respiratory illness in children. grunting - correct answer>>a sound heard that occurs on expiration, produced by premature glottic closure, atelectasis, pneumonia, or pulmonary edema

absent - correct answer>>_____ tactile fremitus can occur in patients with pneumothorax or atelectasis respiratory distress - correct answer>>signs of ____ ____ include:

restlessness
tachypnea
tachycardia
diaphoresis
irritability
grunting
nasal flaring
retractions
stridor
wheezing
head bobbing
confusion
dyspnea
bradycardia
cyanosis
stupor
coma allergy skin - correct answer>>an ____ ____ test is a diagnostic indicated for allergic rhinitis and asthma. an allergy is identified by a wheal response arterial blood gas - correct answer>>-an ____ ___ ___ is an invasive diagnostic which measures the pH of blood
reserved for severe illnesses
excessive carbon dioxide can affect the carbon dioxide level peak expiratory flow - correct answer>>diagnostic that measures maximum flow of air in L/s that can be forcefully exhaled in 1 second. Establish the child's "personal best" by taking twice daily readings over 2 weeks put child on oxygen - correct answer>>-during assessment you notice that your 1 year old child has a sao2 of 75% which indicates hypoxia. what should the nurse do first?

oxygen - correct answer>>-___ is considered a drug and you must have an order to administer unless you are following emergency protocols that are outlines by your facility

can be administered in several different ways and it is very important to ensure that you select the mask or device that fits properly and the seal is patent to prevent flow from escaping
humidity is important to help ensure that the mucosa stays moist and does not dry out making it more difficult to breathe. nasal cannula - correct answer>>oxygen delivery device that provides a low concentration of oxygen and allows the most independence. does not require patent nares. oxygen tents - correct answer>>-oxygen delivery method that provides a high humidity environment with up to 50% oxygen concentration
nursing actions: change linen frequently venturi mask - correct answer>>-oxygen delivery device that provides 24-50% oxygen by using a special gauge at the base of the mask that allows mixing of room air with oxygen flow
should fit snugly
helpful in setting the amount of oxygen flow desired nebulizer - correct answer>>-oxygen delivery device that is a great option for use in the home or acute care setting
instruct pt. prior to placement it may be loud
delivers mediation to child quickly and effectively aerosol inhaler with spacer - correct answer>>-oxygen delivery method that sprays medicine out so that you can breathe it deep into the lungs. The spacer holds medication in place so that you can breathe it in easier
used in children with asthma, pneumonia treated at home.
multiple variations and may look different depending on the manufacturer postural drainage - correct answer>>-a technique for loosening mucus in the airway so that it may be coughed out.
tapping is performed in certain areas with the pt. in different positions

Pediatric Nursing Final 2025 Correct Verified Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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Pediatric Nursing Final 2025 Correct Verified

Questions and Answers