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Pathophysiology Exam 4: Endocrine System and Neurological Disorders, Exams of Nursing

Valdosta State University (VSU)Nursing

A concise overview of key concepts related to the endocrine system and neurological disorders, focusing on the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, calcium regulation, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular accidents (cva). It includes definitions, explanations of common conditions, and brief descriptions of treatment options. Suitable for students studying pathophysiology, but it lacks in-depth analysis and may require further research for a comprehensive understanding.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 02/06/2025

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Pathophysiology EXAM 4 UTA 2020
Questions & Answers
pituitary gland - ANSWERSThe endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the
influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary Is MASTER GLAND and regulates growth
and controls other endocrine glands. ACTH, TSH and ADH important in this unit.
ACTH - ANSWERSAdrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates the action of adrenal gland
to secrete glucocorticoids like cortisol.
ADH - ANSWERSantidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) that works on Kidney and smooth
muscles. Part of RAAS. Causes vasoconstriction and reabsorption of H2O
TSH - ANSWERSthyroid stimulating hormone that acts on the thyroid gland. Stimulates
T3, T4, calcitonin and Thyroxine.
Diabetes Insipidus - ANSWERSCaused by hyposecretion of ADH which causes little to
no reabsorption of H2O. Results in polyuria, increased thirst, high B osmolarity which
results in general signs of dehydration.
diabetes insipidus etiology - ANSWERSTwo possible
1. Kidneys no longer respond to ADH
2. Brain no longer secretion or lessening of secretions (maybe tumor or edema)
SIADH - ANSWERSsyndrome of inappropriate hyper antidiuretic hormone. That causes
excess retention of water resulting in BP increase (increased stroke volume),
generalized edema.
SIADH etiology - ANSWERS1. Drugs--> especially anesthetics
2. Trauma; brain tumor etc...
3. Neoplastic disease ; ectopic production of hormone
T3 and T4 function - ANSWERSmetabolism
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Pathophysiology EXAM 4 UTA 2020

Questions & Answers

pituitary gland - ANSWERSThe endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary Is MASTER GLAND and regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. ACTH, TSH and ADH important in this unit. ACTH - ANSWERSAdrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates the action of adrenal gland to secrete glucocorticoids like cortisol. ADH - ANSWERSantidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) that works on Kidney and smooth muscles. Part of RAAS. Causes vasoconstriction and reabsorption of H2O TSH - ANSWERSthyroid stimulating hormone that acts on the thyroid gland. Stimulates T3, T4, calcitonin and Thyroxine. Diabetes Insipidus - ANSWERSCaused by hyposecretion of ADH which causes little to no reabsorption of H2O. Results in polyuria, increased thirst, high B osmolarity which results in general signs of dehydration. diabetes insipidus etiology - ANSWERSTwo possible

  1. Kidneys no longer respond to ADH
  2. Brain no longer secretion or lessening of secretions (maybe tumor or edema) SIADH - ANSWERSsyndrome of inappropriate hyper antidiuretic hormone. That causes excess retention of water resulting in BP increase (increased stroke volume), generalized edema. SIADH etiology - ANSWERS1. Drugs--> especially anesthetics
  3. Trauma; brain tumor etc...
  4. Neoplastic disease ; ectopic production of hormone T3 and T4 function - ANSWERSmetabolism

Calcitonin function - ANSWERSLowers blood calcium levels by triggering uptake in bones. Hyperthyroidism - ANSWERSexcessive activity of the thyroid gland that can be due to cancer autoimmune dz or overactive pituitary. Hyperthyroidism autoimmune - ANSWERSGrave's dz Hyperthyroidism labs - ANSWERST3, T4 and and TSH S/S of hyperthyroidism - ANSWERSSame as hypermetabolism... agitated, exopthalmus, nervous, diarrhea, hot, ^HR, ^BP, thin, hyperactive etc.goiter thyrotoxic crisis - ANSWERSaka Thyroid storm- toxic condition characterized by hyperthermia, tachycardia, nervous symptoms, and rapid metabolism. Tx Hyperthyroid: - ANSWERSThyroidectomy, meds-radioactive iodine or thioamide (inhibits incorp of I into hormones) Hypothyroidism etiology - ANSWERSlow levels of thyroid hormone due to hypoactive thyroid gland from congenital defect, removal or destruction of arts of the gland autoimmune, endemic iodine deficiency. Hypothyroidism autoimmune - ANSWERSHashimotos Hypothyroidism S/S - ANSWERSSame as hypometabolism ie, tired, sluggish Cold intolerant obese decreased hr, p, rr Hypothroidism labs - ANSWERSlow T3/T High TSH Myxedema coma - ANSWERSextreme hypothyroidism(abrupt med cessation), rare with a high mortality rate = decreased cardiac output leads to decreased tissue perfusion which leads to brain and organ depletion leading to multi-organ failure Tx hypothyroidism - ANSWERSadministration of thyroid hormones- levothyroxine or synthroid. DOSED IM MICROGRAMS Screening at birth is mandatory. Early detection is critical to prevent mental retardation. What hormones regulate calcium? - ANSWERSparathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Diabetic A1C - ANSWERS6.5% or higher A1-c level with meds desired level - ANSWERS<7% Diabetic FBS - ANSWERSabove 126 Type 1 diabetes etiology - ANSWERSautoimmune destruction of beta cells. Maybe viral caused immune response. Type 2 diabetes etiolgy - ANSWERSprolonged hypersecretion of insulin does:

  1. pancreatic fatigue
  2. Insensitivity/down regulation of insulin receptors lack of Insulin results in - ANSWERSHyperglucemia, leads to ketoacidosis, Kushmal respirations to compensate for blood acidity, BP drop, muslce tone and reflex diminishes, warm and flushed, N/V and LOC affected. Kussmaul respirations - ANSWERSvery deep, labored breathing (usually associated with diabetic acidosis and renal failure) Insulin insensitivity results in - ANSWERSHHNKS: Hyperglycemia, Hyperosmolar, No ketoacidosis, and some insulin Squelae of diabetes - ANSWERSatherosclerosis, macroangiopathy (PAD, CAD, stroke and aneurysm), microangiopathy (blindness, renal failure and bleeding), neuropathy (pain, tingling sensation, numbness, reduced GI motility, bladder problems MI unnoticed) and immunopathy (inability to fight infection) Hypoglycemia FBS - ANSWERS< etiology of hypoglycemia - ANSWERSNot enough food intake (starvation or excess exercise), Diabetic who has administered too muc insulin, RARE genetic hypersectertion CPP - ANSWERScerebral perfusion pressure ICP - ANSWERSintracranial pressure (normal pressure is 5 to 15 mm Hg) Main cause of ICP - ANSWERSCerebral edema Stroke also called - ANSWERSCerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Brain attack etiology of CVA - ANSWERS- thromobosis
  • embolus
  • hemorrhage

Risk factor of CVA - ANSWERSHTN, athersclerosis, age, family history, diabetes, smoker, high fat diet Most common cause of CVA is - ANSWERSischemic Thrombus of embolous Causes hypoxia of distal tissue TIA - ANSWERStransient ischemic attack....mini stroke, no dead tissue. Hemmorragic CVA - ANSWERSB leaks onto brain tissue causes inflammation-edema etiology of hemorrhagic CVA - ANSWERSAKA "Brain Bleed"

  • Traumatic or spontaneous rupture of blood vessels in the head leads to bleeding of the brain Aneurysm, congenital issues medication hemorrhagic vs ischemic stroke - ANSWERSS/S the same but tx different
  • hem may also have awful headache Brain Stem CVA - ANSWERSPatient stops breathing, heart stops beating bc of occlusion of basilar artery. Autonominc- level of conciousness affected, HR, BP, T etc Sensorimotor- bilateral reduction in tone decorticate or decerebrate Decorticate posturing - ANSWERSBrain stem stroke -"flexor posturing" or "mummy baby" (think Egyptian mummy preservation) -adduction of arms (arms fold to chest); flexion of elbows and wrists Decerebrate posturing - ANSWERSBrain stem stroke posturing in which the neck is extended with jaw clenched; arms are pronated, extended, and close to the sides; legs are extended straight out; more ominous sign of brain stem damage. Most Severe. Cerebellar CVA - ANSWERSdecreased balance, asthenia, ataxia (disdiadocokinesia, dysmetria, dysnergia), gait ataxia, hypotonia, decreased coordination, nausea, decreased ability for postural adjustment, nystagmus, intention/action tremor, rebound phenomenon (loss of check reflex causing inability to stop movement when resistance is eliminated), dysarthria (specifically scanning speech) Cerebral CVA - ANSWERSUnilateral changes due to one of MCA occluded. Assess sensorimotor due to CN pressure and corticospinal tracts. Assess specific function

can have specific triggers tx: Immitrex/NSAIDS, avoid triggers Seizures - ANSWERS1. The sudden explosive uncoordinated firing of nerurons

  1. A single episode of epilepsy, often named for the type it represents tonic-clonic seizure - ANSWERSgeneralized seizure in which the patient loses consciousness and has jerking movements of paired muscle groups Partial seizure - ANSWERSseizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms Partial Seizures: Simple - ANSWERSConsciousness preserved; manifested variously as convulsive jerking, paresthesias, psychic symptoms (altered sensory perception, illusions, hallucinations, affect changes), and autonomic dysfunction Partial Seizures: Complex - ANSWERSImpaired consciousness that is preceded, accompanied, or followed by psychological symptoms Meningitis - ANSWERSinflammation of the meninges due to bacterial or viral infection aseptic meningitis - ANSWERSLess severe than bax: fever, headahe, stiff neck. CSF woudl show normal glucose, with elevated protein, and lymphocytosis. Enteroviruses (coxsackie, echo, and polioviruses) are responsibel for > 90% of cases. Septic meningitis - ANSWERScaused by bacteria ONLY, associated with high mortality and severity -> etiology is AGE dependent Bacterial meningitis unique S/S - ANSWERSrestlessness, decreased LOC, leukocytosis, petechiae/purpura Tx of meningitis - ANSWERSSpinal tap to diagnose viral or bac
  • low glucose and bleeding= bac myasthenia gravis - ANSWERSa chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles mydrasis - ANSWERSdilation of the pupil miosis - ANSWERSconstriction of the pupil dilopia - ANSWERSdouble vision nystagmus - ANSWERSinvoluntary, jerking movements of the eyes

papilledema - ANSWERSswelling and inflammation of the optic nerve at the point of entrance into the eye through the optic disk cataract - ANSWERSclouding of the lens of the eye due to protein coaggulation and accumulation. loss of contral vision, lens replacemet treats glaucoma - ANSWERSincreased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision. Open angle (think of like blockage Closed abnlge (think cink in garden hose) Macular degeneration - ANSWERSprogressive damage to the macula of the retina