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PATHO EXAM 1 REVIEW SESSION QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. A+ GRADED., Exams of Nursing

West Coast UniversityNursing

PATHO EXAM 1 REVIEW SESSION QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. A+ GRADED. Hydrostatic pressure The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel What happens to pressure in capillary beds if you have a patient who has heart failure with extra fluid in the body and extra hydrostatic pressure? Edema Why don’t we all have edema? Venous end of capillary beds pull water back in What is the force at the venous end that pulls stuff back in? Capillary colloidal osmatic pressure What makes water move in osmosis? (out of tissue back into blood stream) Albumin Does albumin leave and enter the blood vessel? Why or why not? No, too big to leave the blood vessel What happens if you don't have albumin, or decreased albumin? Edema

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/14/2025

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Download PATHO EXAM 1 REVIEW SESSION QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT AND VERIFIED ANSWERS. A+ GRADED. and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

A+ GRADED. Hydrostatic pressure The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel What happens to pressure in capillary beds if you have a patient who has heart failure with extra fluid in the body and extra hydrostatic pressure? Edema Why don’t we all have edema? Venous end of capillary beds pull water back in What is the force at the venous end that pulls stuff back in? Capillary colloidal osmatic pressure What makes water move in osmosis? (out of tissue back into blood stream) Albumin Does albumin leave and enter the blood vessel? Why or why not? No, too big to leave the blood vessel What happens if you don't have albumin, or decreased albumin? Edema Why would you be missing albumin Cirrhosis of the liver What is an idiopathic disease Disease of an unknown cause What is an acquired disease? You contacted it after birth What is a congenital disease? Present at birth What is a genetic disease? Any disorder caused directly by a genetic mechanism (inherited) What is a nosocomial disease? Disease acquired in a hospital setting What is a latrogenic disease? Disease produced by drugs What is disease? A condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism What is primary level of disease prevention Interventions which prevent the disease (before it starts) What is secondary level of disease prevention Screening and early detection What is tertiary level of disease prevention Rehab and keep it from spreading (disease management) What is mortality Death rate What is specificty % of people without the disease who test negative on the test What is sensitivity? The ability ofa test to detect disease Positive predictive test value True positive, the value that the patient is actually positive for the disease Negative predictive test value True negative, value that the patient actually does not have the disease Anerobic Without oxygen, glycolytic pathway in cytoplasm Aerobic Process that requires oxygen, occurs in mitochondria How many atp does aerobic make Site of protein synthesis Golgi complex Packages and distributes proteins Lysosomes An organelle containing digestive enzymes Peroxisomes Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Cytoskeleton A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement Microtubules Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure Microfilaments Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell Intermediate filaments Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments Cell membrane A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. Phospholipid bilayer structure Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail Active transport Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference Exocytosis Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material Endocytosis Process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infoldings of the cell membrane What happens if you cannot make enough atp for a cell? Cell death Paracrine Referring to a secreted molecule that acts on a neighboring cell. Autocrine Term for hormones that act on same cells that secrete them Endocrine Signaling to a distant cell via hormone release Membrane potential The voltage across a cell's plasma membrane. Action potential Sudden change in membrane potential What is depolarization The inside of the membrane becomes less negative (sodium channels open) What is repolarization The membrane returns to its resting membrane potential (sodium channel closes, potassium channels open) What is the absolute refractory period? When an ap cannot occur regardless of the stimulus strength, What is the relative refractory period? When an ap can occur if a stimulus is strong enough (potassium channels close) What is hypertrophy? (physiological , pathological or both) Increase in cell size, both What is hyperplasia? (physiological , pathological or both) Increase in number of cells, both What is metaplasia Change in cell type What is dysplasia Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells What has dysplasia been associated with? Cancer (does not mean it is) Hypoxia Lack of oxygen Hypoxemia Low oxygen in the blood Ischemia Lack of blood supply Anoxia Absence of oxygen Repurfusion injury Injury to tissue that occurs after blood flow is restored What happens in ischemia Ischemia means to hold back blood. If you hold back blood you also hold back 02. If you hold 02 long enough it can lead to a permanent situation and dead myocardial tissue. In ischemia there is a release of xanthine and hypoxanthine, these are free radicals (bad) Apoptosis Programmed cell death Necrosis Tissue death Gangrene Death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply What are intracellular accumulations Buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate What is tissue calcification Abnormal deposits of calcium and other minerals in tissues Types of tissue calcifications 1) metastatic, dystrophic, idiopathic, iatrogenic Intracellular Within the cell 28 liter of water Extracellular Outside the cell 14.5 liters of water What electrolyte is the main factor of osmolality Sodium What happens if osmatic pressure increases If osmatic pressure increase the cells will shrivel and cannot function What causes release of adh Atrial baroreceptors detect changes in blood volume or blood pressure Aldosterone "salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of na+ by the kidneys. Na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure Patho) increased osmolality, cells shrink Tx) fluid replacement Cause) diarrhea, vomiting, renal disease, fever S/s ) thirst, weakness, lethargy, hyperreflexia, confusion, seizures What might a patient with excess fluid look like Swelling and puffiness of skin, tight and shiny skin, skin does not bounce back after pressing it for a few seconds What happens in kidneys when blood volume is decreased The firing rate of stretch receptors reduces, increases adh release which causes water retention What causes hypokalemia S/s Regulation Alkalosis, excessive losses S/s: no signs until severe (muscle weakness, nausea, cardiac dysrhythmias) Regulation: regulated through kidneys (aldosterone) What causes hypercalcemia S/s Regulation Bone metastases, hyperthyroidism, acidosis, immobilization S/s: decreased neuromuscular activity Regulation: regulated through parathyroid hormone / vitamin d What causes hypocalcemia S/s Regulation Renal failure, blood transfusion, inadequate intake or absorption of calcium S/s: increase neuromuscular excitability Regulation: regulated through parathyroid hormone / vitamin d What cause hypophosphatemia S/s Inadequate absorption of phosphate, antacid use, alcohol abuse S/s: hypoxia, dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, bleeding disorder, leukocyte alterations What cause hyperphosphatemia S/s