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Logic: Diagramming and Analyzing Arguments - Prof. John G. Moore, Papers of Reasoning

Lander UniversityReasoning
Prof. John G. Moore

A portion of a university course material for a philosophy 103 class focusing on introduction to logic. It includes exercises on diagramming arguments and identifying their structures. Ten examples of arguments and asks students to determine if they are arguments, diagram their structures, and evaluate their validity.

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Uploaded on 08/19/2009

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Phil. 103: Introduction to Logic
The Structure of Arguments
Spring 2005 c
2005 GFDL
1 Diagramming Arguments
Directions:First, indicate whether the passages quoted below are
arguments. If a passage is not an argument, explain why it is not.
Second, only if the passage is an argument, diagram the structure of
the argument by referring to the numbered statements and by using
conventional diagramming symbols. (40 points)
1. (1) I know that God exists because (2) the world is well ordered by scien-
tific law, and (3) this order is probably not due to chance alone.
2. (1) Eternity is simultaneously whole. (2) But time has a before and an
after. (3) Therefore, time and eternity are not the same thing.
3. (1) John didn’t get much sleep last night. (2) He has dark circles under
his eyes, and (3) he looks tired.
pf3
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Download Logic: Diagramming and Analyzing Arguments - Prof. John G. Moore and more Papers Reasoning in PDF only on Docsity!

Phil. 103: Introduction to Logic

The Structure of Arguments

Spring 2005 ©c2005 GFDL

1 Diagramming Arguments

Directions: First, indicate whether the passages quoted below are arguments. If a passage is not an argument, explain why it is not. Second, only if the passage is an argument, diagram the structure of the argument by referring to the numbered statements and by using conventional diagramming symbols. (40 points)

  1. (1) I know that God exists because (2) the world is well ordered by scien- tific law, and (3) this order is probably not due to chance alone.
  2. (1) Eternity is simultaneously whole. (2) But time has a before and an after. (3) Therefore, time and eternity are not the same thing.
  3. (1) John didn’t get much sleep last night. (2) He has dark circles under his eyes, and (3) he looks tired.

1 DIAGRAMMING ARGUMENTS

  1. (1) Questionable research practices are far more common than previously believed (2) since the Acadia Institute found that 44 percent of students and 50 percent of faculty from universities were aware of cases of plagia- rism, falsifying data, or racial discrimination.
  2. (1) Since the study of science not only gives insight but also fosters in- tellectual comprehension of any subject, (2) it stands to reason that the study of science is essential for the learning of any new subject.
  3. (1) No one has directly observed a chemical bond, (2) so scientists who try to envision such bonds must rely on experimental clues and their own imaginations.
  4. (1) Since reduction of sodium may prevent the development of hyperten- sion in some people and (2) since a high-salt diet is almost certainly not beneficial, (3) reduced salting of food and reduced consumption of salty snack foods is probably a good idea.

2 VALIDITY AND SOUNDNESS

2 Validity and Soundness

Directions: Carefully study statements 1-10. Decide whether each statement is true or false, and write in the spaces provided the word “true” or the word “false” in accordance with your decision. ( points)

  1. A sound argument is a valid deductive argument with true premisses.
  2. All valid deductive arguments are arguments with true premisses.
  3. A deductive argument cannot be both invalid and sound.
  4. An invalid deductive argument could have all true statements in it.
  5. In a valid deductive argument, the conclusion is always true.
  6. A deductive argument could have one false pre- miss and still be sound.
  7. If a deductive argument is sound, then the con- clusion must always be true.
  8. When the premisses of a deductive argument are true, the conclusion must be true as well.
  9. When the conclusion of a deductive argument is true, the argument is always sound.
  10. A deductive argument can be either valid or in- valid and still have true premisses.

3 ARGUMENT INDICATORS

3 Argument Indicators

Directions: Assume that each word or phrase given below appears before a statement. Is the statement that follows most probably a reason, a conclusion, or neither? Put a check in the appropriate column. (20 points)

Word Reason Conclusion Neither

  1. hence
  2. because
  3. but
  4. thus
  5. in as much as
  6. accordingly
  7. for
  8. therefore
  9. since
  10. however