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Def. of System
an organized (collective) unitary whole composed of two or more interdependent parts(dependent on each other) components or subsystems delineated by identifiable boundaries from its environmental supra-system. TERM 2
Hierarchy of Systems in Nature
DEFINITION 2 Physical World Biological World Supra-system Bark tissue System Molecules cell Subsystem Atoms nucleus or mitochondria TERM 3
Ludwig von Bertalanffy (Biologist)
DEFINITION 3 Biologist who proposed the GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY TERM 4
General Systems Theory
DEFINITION 4 According to Ludwig von Bertalanffy..... "The Set of Principles that govern the operations of all systems" TERM 5
Kenneth Boulding
(economist)
DEFINITION 5 applied GST to social science and wrote.... "General Systems skeleton of science"
Katz and Kahn (Social psychologists)
applied General Systems Theory to organizations. TERM 7
Kast & Rosenzweig (Management
scholars)
DEFINITION 7 applied General Systems Theory ( GST) to business organizations and wrote 1960' s book "The Contingency Theory of Management " TERM 8
Key System Concepts (Usually OPEN
Systems)
DEFINITION 8 *Interconnected parts *Multiple Goal Seeking *Synergism/ Holism *Equafinality *Open vs. Closed *Input--- Transformation--Output Model *System Boundaries *Negative Entropy *Dynamic Equilibrium *Feedback *Hierarchy of Systems *Internal Elaboration TERM 9
Key System Concept #1 : Interconnected
parts
DEFINITION 9 Interdependent, interconnected parts, components or subsystems= there is greater value in teams than groups. TERM 10
Key System Concept #2: Synergism/Holism
DEFINITION 10 subsystems working together have greater value that subsystems working alone. Ex:1+1+1 = > 3 (greater than 3)
Key Systems Concept #8: Feedback
Systems will get information from supra-system or environment to stay in equilibrium. Ex: I-POD company saw environment would change if they could come out with new video player. TERM 17
Key Systems Concept #9: Hierarchy of
Systems
DEFINITION 17 SUPRA-SYSTEM SYSTEM SUBSYSTEM TERM 18
Key Systems Concept #10: Internal
Elaboration (and greater organization)
DEFINITION 18 GOOD organization withing the system in order to fight entropy ( natural deterioration over time) TERM 19
Key Systems Concept #11: Multiple Goal
Seeking
DEFINITION 19 Systems will have many goals: Ex: profit, customer satisfaction, etc. TERM 20
Key Systems Concept #12:
Equifinality
DEFINITION 20 Systems have many ways of accomplishing GOALS.
Environmental (Supra-system) Dimensions
*Economic/ Financial-low economy *Political /Legal- laws and regulations *Social/Cultural- saudi women dont do bus. *Technological-new technology *Demographic- Pop? Women in bus. world *Natural-resources available. *Competitive- ***Look for THREATS and OPPORTUNITIES *** TERM 22
Example of Organizational Inputs
DEFINITION 22 Material = supples, plant, equip., info. systems Money = debt, equit, capital People = human capital Information=environ. intelligence, knowledge management, new ideas. Management? TERM 23
Examples of Organizational Outputs (At least
DEFINITION 23 Products Services Human Satisfaction Organizational Survival and Growth Social Benefts. TERM 24
Feedback Loop
DEFINITION 24 ~Output exchanged with environment ~secures input from environment ( Ex: money from Stakeholders) ~Repeat transformation and exchange processes ( Continually ) ~ Iterative process of exchange ~Make ajustments based on feedback ~Survival and Growth imperative TERM 25
Transformation Process in Organization
DEFINITION 25 ~Transforms Input resources into value added Outputs ~Synergism of Organizations ~Organizational system has 5 interconnected interacting subsystems
Psychosocial Subsystem
Human Resources Management Practices Attitudes, Perceptions Motivations, Values Group dynamics, status, norms Leadership Communication Interpersonal relations
