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NURS 332 Fundamental Nursing Concepts EXAM 2 2025 LATEST
COMPLETE FULL LEGTH EXAM WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
Describe how the environment in which we live impacts on human health Explain fundamental and contemporary issues in environment health practice Discuss the management of environmental health in Australia, including the roles of the various levels of government and other agencies Explain the reason for needing an interdisciplinary approach/ basis to resolve environmental health related problems, including health promotion and risk management. What is a Food Borne Illness? Food borne diseases encompass a wide spectrum of illnesses and are a growing public health problem worldwide. They are the result of ingesting contaminated foodstuffs, and range from diseases caused by a multitude of microorganisms to those caused by chemical hazards. o Food Poisoning
- An illness brought about by the consumption of food contaminated with bacteria o Food Intoxication
- An illness brought about by the consumption of food contaminated with chemicals biotoxins or bacterial toxins o FoodTransmission
- An illness brought about by the consumption of food contaminated with virus or parasitic organisms
Explain Food Legislation Food standards Australia & New Zealand " Independent Statutory Agency " Established under the Food Standard Australia & New Zealand Act 1991 " Develop the Food Standards Code " Set labelling requirements " Primary production, processing and hygiene " Novel food approvals Code: " Labelling requirements " Substances added to food " Contaminants and residues " Set standards for food groups/types " Food Safety Programs, Operations and Premise Construction " Primary Production Standards Food Legislation o State Government Acts and Regulations " - Requires licensing and/or registration of food businesses and/or their owners " - Sets out enforcement and legal duties " - Establishes qualifications and authorities " - Regulates primary production of food o Local Government regulate food safety at retail and manufacturing levels Why are foods recalled? " FSANZ issues all Food Recalls in Australia " Mostly voluntary by the company " State Food Acts can force Food Recalls " Food Recalls classified as:
- Microbial
- Labelling
- Foreign Matter
- Chemical/Contaminant - Biotoxin
- Tampering
- Packaging Fault
- Other
" - WHO ongoing investigations o HeavyMetals
- Mercury in fish bio-accumulates through the food chain into large oily fish o Nanotechnology
- Incredibly small particles that may enter food chain Microbial o Viruses
- Hepatitis A - jaundice, abdominal cramps, anorexia o Parasiticprotozoaandworms
- Trichinosis (from a nematode or round worm) damages body tissues
- Tapeworms - hydatid disease, cysts form in vital organs - Giardia lamblia protozoa causes Explain food allergies/ intolerances Food Allergy " Immune System Reaction to a Food " ~2%ofAustralianshavefoodallergy " >170foods are known to have triggered severe allergic reactions, eg kiwi fruit, banana, chicken, and mustard " No cure must avoid " Adrenaline for severe reactions " ~10peoplediefromanaphylacticreactions/yr Intolerances o Does not involve body's immune system o Not life threatening o Inability to digest a food How to keep food safe Food safety techniques o Resources in Production o Processing Techniques o Appropriate Storage o Temperature Control o Prevent Cross Contamination o Cleaning and Sanitising o Washing Hands o Pest control
Resources in Production " Clean and sanitary water " Uncontaminated soil and vegetation " Uncontaminated feed " Clean harvesting equipment " Healthy animals " Use of food safe herbicides and pesticides " Use of food safe veterinary products Processing Techniques " Washing with clean and sanitary water " Cleaning and sanitising equipment regularly " Use food safe chemicals and equipment " Check equipment regularly for broken or loose items " Security " Source reliable, uncontaminated products " Temperature control " Healthy and clean workers Appropriate storage " Sealed containers " Food-grade containers " Treatment and removal of pests
- Insects, rats, mice, snakes " Temperature control " pH control " Pressure requirements Temperature Control o Potentially Hazardous Food:
- Food that can support microbial growth o Store potentially hazardous foods: - at or below 50C
- At or above 600C
- Seafood away from - 1 to +50C o Cookorreheatfoodabove750C o Pasteurisation Cleaning and Sanitising o Cleaning
- Scrape or otherwise remove gross (large) material - Use a detergent in warm water to wash items o Sanitising " - Soak or apply sanitiser to surface of item
" State Government (EPA & QH): " - Oversee Local Government " - Develop strategies, environment & purchasing policies " - Education material " Commonwealth Government:
- developing new strategies at a national level - eg. tax opportunities for industry, National strategy regarding waste oil, etc.
- special projects e.g. 'Compost Australia' securing grants & funding for projects that have the broad based support of government and industry (Waste Management Association of Australia 2010)
- Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Act 1989 What legislations are involved in waste management? o Environment Protection Act 1994 and associated regulations and environmental protection policy. " - encompasses the objectives of the National Strategy for ESD. " - As a result, Waste Management strategies must be consistent with the objectives of ESD. o ESD principles for managing waste include: " - the polluter pays principle; " - the user pays principle; and " - the product stewardship principle. o Regulatory controls for: " - Waste disposal facilities (ERA, and Local Govt plan s25 EPP Waste 2000, State Govt pan s35) " - Incineration of waste (ERA) " - Recycling (ERA) " - Transfer stations (ERA) " - Regulated waste transport, storage and treatment (Permit system) o There are numerous offences under the Environmental Protection legislation that relate to waste including: " - Littering " - Waste dumping " - Placing solid or liquid waste (prescribed contaminants) in a stormwater system or water-body or in a place where it can enter a stormwater system or water-body " - Causing environmental harm, material environmental harm or serious environmental harm
what landfill management strategies are in place? " Environmental harm
- Ground and surface water contamination
- Erosion and sediment
- Landfill gas
- Fire
- Land contamination " Environmental nuisance
- Noise
- Dust
- Odour
- Vermin and vectors
- Litter Landfill Management- Leachate o Leachate: " - A liquid solution that forms as water percolates through waste, such as refuse in a landfill or old mining tailings. " - It may contain any chemicals that can be dissolved, particles, and even live micro-organisms. o Minimising leachate: " - Cover of waste; " - Avoiding liquid waste; " - Reduce the land fill working face; " - Preventing run on; " - Providing internal bunding on the site; " - Control of drainage; and " - Leachate collection - redirected back into the land fill or directed to sewer. Explain contaminated land Environmental Protection Act 1994 " - contaminated land means land contaminated by a hazardous contaminant. (Schedule 3) " - hazardous contaminant means a contaminant that, if improperly treated, stored, disposed of or otherwise managed, is likely to cause serious or material environmental harm because of- (a)its quantity, concentration, acute or chronic toxic effects, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, corrosiveness, explosiveness, radioactivity or flammability; or
¢ contribute to high concentrations at a local area What are the different types of air pollution? Aerosols- eg. mist, dust, fog, ash, gas etc. Natural- dust, pollen, chemicals from fires and volcanoes, salt particles etc. anthropogenic- transport, fuel combustion, industrial processes (fossil fuel, cigarette smoke etc)- particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides in nitrogen, ozone, carbon monoxide, lead Explain indoor and Outdoor air pollution Indoor Air Pollution: " Identified by the World Bank as one of the foremost global environmental problems. " Poses a particular hazard to people due to release in close proximity and in confined areas. " 'Rule of 1000' - a pollutant released indoors is 1000 times more likely to reach a person's lungs than a pollutant released outdoors. " In developed countries, people spend 80 to 90% of their time indoors outdoor:
- motor vehicle pollution
- industry and bushfires What effects does climate change have on topography on air pollution? " Rain - cleanses air in and around cities. " Wind - sweeps dirty air out of cities. " Cross-media contamination - pollutants are deposited " from the air and onto other media, eg. surface water, soil " or buildings. " Trans-regional transportation of air pollutants - acid rain " and long-range transport of air toxics. " Mountains - impede air flow, trapping pollutants. " Temperature Profiles - Normal or Temperature Inversion what are the effects of air pollution? Effects of Air Pollution
" Health effects - acute respiratory illness, aggravation of pre-existing illnesses (eg. cardiac or respiratory conditions, asthma), cancers (triggered by pollutants), eye or nose irritation, stress or loss of general well-being. " Loss of amenity - odour, poor visibility, dust and residue deposits on surfaces (eg. clothes, vehicles). " Damage to property - acidic pollutants, deposition of soot and particles. " Effect on the environment - death or injury to sensitive species, loss of biological diversity, excess nutrient loads in waterways, loss of specific ecosystems. (Acid rain) " Economic impact - reduced property values, deterrent to new industries or residents, reduced crop production, loss of tourism, loss of productivity due to illness. Health effects of air pollution " Immediate health effects - shortness of breath, eye irritation, upper respiratory tract irritation. " Chronic health effects - bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, lung cancer. " Total global mortality from PM: 3 million/year, 2.8 million from indoor air pollution - 90% in developing countries - mainly India and sub-Saharan Africa.
- Globally, urban air pollution is the cause of: 5% of trachea, bronchus and lung cancer; 2% of cardiorespiratory mortality; 1% of respiratory infections → 0.8 million deaths, 7.9 million DALYs. What standards are involved with air quality/ pollution? States set standards for ambient air standards, with national guidance and coordination through the NHMRC, ANZECC and Councils of Australian Government Standing Council on Environment & Water (COAG-EW).
- In 1998, the National Environmental Protection Council (NEPC) (now COAG-EW) set a National Environmental Protection Measure (NEPM) for ambient air quality.
- In Qld, the Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 1997 under the Environmental Protection Act 1994, sets air quality standards for the NEPM criteria plus a range of air toxics. What are the main physical hazards/ agents? " Sound & noise " Radiation " UV Radiation What are physical hazards? " Physical hazards result from the interaction between energy and matter (ie. people) " Energy types: sound waves, radiation, light energy, thermal energy, electrical energy
¢ Medical treatments (x-rays and radiation therapy) ¢ Nuclear accidents (e.g. chernobyl) ¢ Nuclear power plants " Health benefits of IR ¢ Ability to see health problems, e.g. broken bones ¢ Cancer treatments, x-rays and gamma rays Non-ionizing Radiation " Ultraviolet radiation " Visible " Infrared " Microwaves " Radio-waves " Extremely low frequency " Direct current
- Ultraviolet Radiation " UVR: 3 types - UVA, UVB, UVC ¢ UVC has highest energy but is filtered by the ozone layer ¢ Main source is the sun, other artificial sources Health effects of Ionizing radiation ¢ Skin burns ¢ Damage to bone marrow ¢ Sterility ¢ Acute radiation sickness ¢ Cancer (lung, leukemia, skin, breast, thyroid) ¢ Genetic effects ¢ The human embryo and foetus are particularly sensitive to radiation (cancer and maliformations) ¢ Death Health effects of Ultraviolet radiation " Health effects:
¢ Eye; pterygium, cataract, photokeratisis ¢ Skin; sunburn, photo-ageing, SCC, BCC, malignant melanoma " Climate Change ¢ Ozone layer thinning could have major public health impacts with dramatic increases in skin cancer What is the difference between emergency and disaster?
- Disaster:
- 'A serious disruption to community life which threatens or causes death or injury in that community and/or damage to property which is beyond the day-to-day capacity of the prescribed statutory authorities and which requires special mobilisation and organisation of resources other than those normally available to those authorities'.
- Emergency:
- 'An event, actual or imminent, which endangers or threatens to endanger life, property or the environment, and which requires a significant and coordinated response. ... An unplanned situation arising, through accident or error, in which people and/or property are exposed to potential danger from the hazards of dangerous goods. Such emergencies will normally arise from vehicle accident, spillage or leakage of material or from a fire. ...'. What is the difference between disasters and incidents? " Incidents: ¢ Usually small events within the capacity of local response agencies ¢ Generally require no 'off-site' management or coordination " Disasters: ¢ Are usually larger and involve the community ¢ Often require some form of 'off-site' coordination ¢ Usually require resources that are not found in the police, ambulance or fire response agencies ¢ Focus on 'consequence management' which involves actions to minimize the effects of events on the community " Note: disaster are not large scale incidents- they require a different response, which must be reflected in planning and operational management systems What is a cyclone
" The bureau of meteorology defines severe thunderstorms as those as which produce; hailstones with a diameter of 2 cms or more; wind gusts of 90km/hr or more; flash floods; or tornadoes. All include heavy rain and lightning " Land gales are gale foce winds over land with a speed of 62km/h or more What are tsunamis? " Result from an off-shore earthquake which suddenly changes the shape of the ocean floor " The massive displacement of water produces a powerful wave or series of waves " Can travel over huge distances What is disaster management? " Disaster management involves engageing with those who contribute to risk and those who are responsible for. Mitigating risk, preparing communities to respond, responding to events and engageing those supporting the recovery from disasters ¢ Prevention- identification of hazards, assessment of threats to life and property, taking measures to reduce or eliminate potential loss and protect economic development ¢ Mitigation- measures taken in advance of an event aimed at decreasing or eliminating its impact on society and environment ¢ Preparedness- action taken to minimise loss of life or damage, and to organise and facilitate timely and effective rescue, relief and rehabilitation in case of disaster ¢ Response/ react- process of combating a disaster and of providing immediate relief for affected persons ¢ Recovery/ stand down- process of returning an affected community to its proper level of functioning after a disaster What is the Queensland Health Disaster Plan? what are the principles? " Provide the principles, standards and structures which govern and optimise a coordinated health response to an emergency incident or disaster event " The scope of this plan included all Queensland Health Entities State " The Queensland Disaster Management Act 2003 (the Act) along with the Disaster Management and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2010, provides the legislative basis for disaster management arrangements in Queensland
" It makes the provision for the establishment of disaster management groups for the disaster, distruct and local government areas Principles " Risk Management " Local government capability and capacity " Community capability and capacity " Effective disaster operations Local Arrangements " Relevant health legislation supports the Act to assist continuity management planning and to assist the community and other services return to normal during disaster response and recovery ativities " Health legislations includes: ¢ Health and Public Health Act 2005 ¢ Hospital and Health Boards Act 2011 and Hospital and Health Boards h Regulation 2012 What are Queensland health responsibilities in relation to disaster management? " Queensland Health is the functional lead agency for the emergency support functions of; ¢ Public health and medical services ¢ Emergency medical retrieval (with qld ambulance service) Queensland Health is the identified primary agency responsible for hazards specific state level plans ¢ And leading the whole of government management for the State of Queensland during;
- Heatwaves
- Biological incidents
- Radiological incidents
- Pandemics What are the public health impacts of disasters? " Direct impacts on health of the population: ¢ Injuries and deaths directly from the disaster- each year there are around 300 natural disasters worldwide resulting in approx. 250000 deaths. Types; drowning, flying debris, collapsing, buildings, burns, lacerations, internal injury, falls, communicable diseases ¢ Acute illnesses- e.g. eye and respiratory effects from ash smoke and gases from volcanoes and bushfires; heat stress; cold stress
" Contaminated food " Dependence on emergency food supplies " Donated food and food sources " Food salvaging " Affected workforce " Varied responder readiness " Increased risk of foodborne illness " Intentional acts Environmental health role in disaster management " Ensure safe food supply " Respond to inquiries and complaints " Provide food safety information, training and education " Conduct needed interventions " Reopen food establishments " Reduce risk of foodborne illness what are the mass feeding considerations? What is food salvaging? " Food preparation operations " Prepackaged foods " Barbeques " Electric generators " Ice and cold storage " Approved source " Separate coolers " Sealed foods " Pack ide in top of and around food " Drain water from ice " Avoid ice baths for drinks " Storage " Water " Approved source " Tank
" Proper cover and seal " Hoses and pumps " Backflow prevention " Disinfectants What are the risks of mass gatherings? " Crowd management and control " Security " Noise " Drug and alcohol abuse " Child protection " Emergency procedures " Incident register " Health and safety " Lighting " Dangerous driving " Traffic management " Road closures " Offensives behaviours " Waste generation, storage and removal " Toilet facilities " General law and order " Beverage supplies " Food and water supplies " State and local government involvement How do the indigenous view health and environment/ what are their values? not just the physical wellbeing of an individual, but the social, emotional and cultural wellbeing of the whole community in which each individual is able to achieve their full potential as a human being thereby bringing about the total wellbeing of their community. It is a whole of life view and includes the cyclical concept of life-death-life (National Aboriginal Health Strategy 1989). Values " Contrasting values between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples, the Royal Commission into Aborignal Deaths in Custody National Report states:
