Download NUR2063 Exam 1 Review: Homeostasis, Immunity, and Inflammation and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
NUR2063 Exam 1 Review Summer 2021
Question & Answers
Which of the following assessment findings indicates an alteration in homeostatic control mechanisms? - ANSWERSFever
- Injury that occurs when blood flow is diminished to tissue is called _____ injury. - ANSWERSischemic
- The cancer growth continuum is divided into which of the following stages? - ANSWERSInitiation, promotion, progression
- The activities of the cell are directed by which cell structure? - ANSWERSCytoplasm Enzymes that use oxidation to convert food materials into energy are found in sausage- shaped structures called: - ANSWERSmitochondria
- A patient presents with hyponatremia. What is the priority assessment for the patient?
- ANSWERSMental status changes What is the priority assessment for a patient with a potassium imbalance: - ANSWERSEKG
- A patient presents with hypomagnesemia, what would the nurse anticipate the calcium levels would be? - ANSWERSlow A patient presents with hypercalcemia. What would the nurse anticipate the phosphorous levels would be? - ANSWERSlow
- The nurse is teaching a patient who has recently given birth about immunity that has been passed to the baby in utero. Which statement by the patient indicates that additional teaching is needed? - ANSWERS"I had chickenpox and am immune to it, so my baby will not need to have the chickenpox vaccine."
- In preparing a community teaching program, which information presented by the nurse addresses a type of secondary cancer prevention? - ANSWERSAnnual measurement of prostate-specific antigen levels
- A 2-day post-op heart transplant patient begins to have fever and signs and symptoms of heart failure. The patient is more than likely experiencing which of the following? - ANSWERSType IV delayed hypersensitivity
- Which of the following is a complication of chronic stress? - ANSWERSIncreased susceptibility to illness
- Within minutes after receiving an injection of penicillin, the patient complains of shortness of breath and chest pain. The nurse notifies the patient's healthcare provider because this patient is most likely experiencing which type of hypersensitivity? - ANSWERSType I
- During which of the following stages of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) have the body's coping methods been completely utilized? - ANSWERSExhaustion
- Which of the following is a chemical triggered by the sympathetic nervous system made from the adrenal medulla that is responsible for many of the physiological symptoms of the "fight or flight" response? - ANSWERSEpinephrine
- What disease state results from an inability to differentiate self from non-self? - ANSWERSAutoimmune
- Which of the following patients is at the greatest risk for impaired immune function? - ANSWERS79-year-old male with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
- The nurse is teaching a community health class about the immune system. The nurse asks the class to list various functions of B cells in immunity. Which responses by students are correct? (Select all that apply.) - ANSWERSA) "They are the first to arrive at the scene of infection." B) "They make all sorts of antibodies." C) "They eat up bacteria, viruses, and parasites." D) "They turn into memory cells that keep the person immune." E) "They release chemicals to stop inflammation when healing is done." B & D
- Difference between a sign and a symptom - ANSWERSSign - Objective Symptom - Subjective The two types of cells seen during a Type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSMast and Basophil cells
135-145 mEq/L - ANSWERSsodium serum range Alarm stage of GAS - ANSWERSincreased heart rate Which space does fluid enter to cause edema - ANSWERSinterstitial compartment Treats hives, pruritis and swelling - ANSWERShistamine and prostaglandin Macrophage is a type of white blood cell which is a phagocyte. - ANSWERSTrue zQuiz Allergies are associated with elevated - ANSWERSeosinophils What causes edema? - ANSWERSIncrease in capillary hydrostatic pressure Oncogene is associated with the initiation of cancer - ANSWERSTrue Gout is caused by the following: - ANSWERSelevated uric acid Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation by - ANSWERSdecreasing the permeability in capillaries Wound edges that are approximated signify the wound is infected - ANSWERSFalse Which of these exemplifies habituation - ANSWERSloud noise no longer causes fight/flight response Ecchymosis means - ANSWERSlarge bruise Purpura means - ANSWERSmedium bruise Tumors "new growth" not all are life threatening; benign or malignant- Describes - ANSWERSneoplasm May be Primary Bone Cancer or Metastatic - ANSWERSClinical manifestation of Chondrosarcoma Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations? - ANSWERSPsoriasis Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes Distribution of fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments occurs by - ANSWERSosmosis A patient describes nausea. What is this? - ANSWERSSymptom
A simple lab test which can measure the level of inflammation in an individual is - ANSWERSErythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) The process by where we use hormones in the body to regulate equilibrium, when the body changes - ANSWERSHomeostasis Negative feedback - ANSWERSuses hormone to reach homeostasis Positive feedback - ANSWERSincreases hormones to create a reaction to occur What the four different parts of homeostasis - ANSWERSEtiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, Treatment implications What are the levels of prevent - ANSWERSPrimary - Preventative measure Secondary - Detection Tertiary - Reducing effects Mitochondria - ANSWERSPowerhouse of the cell Produces ATP (Glucose+O2) Osmosis - ANSWERSMovement of water across a semipermeable membrane What are the fluid compartments - ANSWERSICF and ECF Sign - ANSWERSObjective - Rash, erythema Symptom - ANSWERSSubjective - Fever, naseu How is fluid between interstitial and intracellular compartments distributed? - ANSWERSOsmosis Main complication of sodium imbalance - ANSWERSHyper/Hyponatremia Concern - Hypovolemia Kidney failure Main complication of calcium imbalance - ANSWERSHypercalcemia/Hypocalcemia Kidney disease How is fluid lost from the body - ANSWERSFeces, urine, insensible loss
- How do we lose fluid from extracellular compartment? - ANSWERSVomiting, diarrhea, urinating, sweating, diuretics'
- What is potential and fatal complication of hyponatremia - ANSWERSCan cause pressure in brain d/t fluid volume excess
- What are the properties of cancer cells? - ANSWERSRapid growing, metastasize quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated The effects of bone marrow suppression in cancer patients - ANSWERSAnemia - check & replace iron, blood transfusion, erythropoietin injection Leukopenia - teach pt ways to prevent infection Thrombocytopenia - pt at risk for bleeding, unable to clot
- What are example of benign cells - ANSWERSEdema polyps, moles, skin tag, cysts, fibroid tumor
- Steps in carcinogenesis - ANSWERSInitiation - introduction of the agent Promotion - initiation of uncontrolled growth Progression - permanent malignant changes What are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes - ANSWERST cells recognize antigen, produced in bone marrow, mature in thymus, 2 types (regulator - helper & suppressor, & effector/killer), protect against viruses & cancer, responsible for hypersensitivity reactions & transplant rejections. B cells encounter antigen, produced & mature in bone marrow, differentiate into 2 types (memory & immunoglobulin-secreting [Ig]), antibodies produced 72hrs after initial antigen exposure, subsequent exposure to same antigen leads to quicker response
- What are macrophages? - ANSWERSFibrocystic WBC within tissues produced by monocytes; phagocytize (eat) & stimulate lymphocytes & other immune cells to respond to pathogens Where are leukocytes and red blood cells formed - ANSWERSBone marrow
- Best way to prevent the spread of infection - ANSWERSwash hands
- What compounds does the body release during stress? - ANSWERSCortisol / Catecholamines
- Specific type of white blood cell found with type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWERSMast cell Type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWERS-B-Lymphocyte -IgE -Mast cells & Basophils -Histamine, Serotonin, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins -Hay Fever, Asthma Type 2 hypersensitivity - ANSWERS-B-Lymphocyte
-IgG, IgM -RBC & WBC -Complement -Transfusion reactions, Hemolytic disease Type 3 hypersensitivity - ANSWERS-B-Lymphocyte -IgG -Host tissue cells -Complement -Serum sickness, Arthus phenomenon SLE, Rheumatoid arthritis Type 4 hypersensitivity - ANSWERS-T-Lymphocyte -None -Host tissue cells -Cytokines -Contact dermatitis, Infection allergy Apoptosis - ANSWERSCell kill themselves Cancer cells do not go through this Carcinogenesis - ANSWERSProcess in which cancer develops Gangrene - ANSWERSSevere hypoxic injury Benign cell - ANSWERSslow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles host, grows by expansion Malignant - ANSWERSRapid growth, spreads quickly, Fatal Cancer complications - ANSWERSAnemia - Decrease in circulation of blood Cachexia - Unexplained weight loss and weakness Leukopenia - Decrease in circulating white blood cells Thrombocytopenia - Decrease in circulating platelets General adaptation syndrome - ANSWERSAlarm Resistance Exhaustion Rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWERSSystemic autoimmune condition involving multiple joints. Inflammatory response in rheumatoid joint leads to accumulation of immune cells and infiltration of the synovium Rheumatoid arthritis clinical manifestation - ANSWERSLow grade fever, malaise, muscle spasms, AM muscle stiffness, bilateral joint pain, fatigue, anorexia, anemia, depression, unsteady gait
Oblique fracture - ANSWERSat an angle to the bone shaft Spiral fracture - ANSWERSTwists around the bone shaft Comminuted fracture - ANSWERSMultiple fracture lines and bones pieces Greenstick fracture - ANSWERSIncomplete break in the bone, only slight bend Compression fracture - ANSWERSBone is crushed or collapses / small pieces Complete fracture - - ANSWERSbroken into two or more sperate pieces Incomplete fracture - ANSWERSPartially broken Open fracture / Compound - ANSWERSSkin is broken and bone protrude Closed fracture - ANSWERSSkin is intact Impacted fracture - ANSWERSone end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone Pathologic fracture - ANSWERSfracture caused by diseased or weakened bone Stress fracture - ANSWERSrepeated excesssuve stress Depressed fracture - ANSWERScranium is fractured inward toward the brain Shingles - ANSWERSviral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves Scabies - ANSWERScontagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact Complications of fractures - ANSWERS• Acute compartment syndrome
- Crush syndrome
- Hemorrhage and hypovolemic shock
- Fat embolism syndrome
- Venous thromboembolism
- Infection
- Chronic complications, such as ischemic necrosis, delayed union, and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
IgG - ANSWERSMain defense against bacteria - (passive immunity) IgM - ANSWERSFight blood infections and triggers production of IgG IgA - ANSWERSFound in membranes of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract - Local immunity IgE - ANSWERSProtects the body through its presence in mucous membranes - Allergic reactions IgD - ANSWERSPresent in blood serum and B cells; receptor for antigens Complement - ANSWERSInactive proteins in the circulation that when activated stimulate the release of mediators, chemotaxis, and phagocytes Prostaglandins - ANSWERSlipid compounds that control Constriction or dilation of vascular smooth muscle, cell growth, sensitization of spinal neurons Etiology - ANSWERScause of the event Pathogenesis - ANSWERSEvolution of the disease Clinical manfiestations - ANSWERSstates of the disease / S/s Glucose lab value - ANSWERS70-99 mg/dl Sodium lab value - ANSWERS136-144 mEq/L Potassium lab value - ANSWERS3.7-5.2 mEq/L Chloride lab value - ANSWERS96-106 mmol/L Calcium lab value - ANSWERS8.5-10.9 mg/dl
