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NUR 2488 MENTAL HEALTH EXAM
STUDYGUIDE
EBP (evidence based practice) Using the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, & patient preferences to make clinical decisions The 5 A’s of integrating best evidence into clinical practices includes : Asking The mental health recovery model is one of helping people with psychiatric disabilities effectively manage their symptoms, reduce psychosocial disability, and find a meaningful life in a community of their choosing. 3 specific areas are inherent within the art of nursing : caring, attending & patient advocacy
- Basic Brain Anatomy- what do the different part of brain control? o Frontal Lobe: Thought Processes & Voluntary Movement (decision making) o Temporal Lobe: Auditory Processes (language, speech, connects to Limbic system) o Occipital Lobe: Vision (interprets visual images) o Parietal Lobe: Sensory & Motor (L/R orientation, reading, math, proprioception) o Hypothalamus: maintains homeostasis, regulates BP, Temp, libido, hunger, thirst, and sleep/wake cycles. o Cerebellum: Balance, Skeletal Muscle Coordination o Neurons: Nerves that translate electrical impulses into chemical signals released at the synapse Synapse- The space between neurons in which neurotransmitters are released and either inhibit/excite the adjacent neuron. The 4 NT’s are dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin and acetylcholine.
- Milieu Therapy: Creating a SAFE, structured inpatient/outpatient setting where the mentally ill can test new behaviors and coping mechanisms with others. o Climate is essential to healing: paint color, relaxed environments are conducive to the healing process. o Florence Nightingale believed that the environment helps heal
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs o Basic Needs: food, oxygen, water, sleep, sex, and a constant body
love, care, attention, and reliability. (Feeding) o Autonomy vs. Shame (toddlers 1 ½ - 3) kids need to develop a sense of personal control. (Toilet Training) o Initiative vs. Guilt (children 3-6) children need to have power to explore their environment and not receive disapproval from parents. (Exploration) o Industry vs. Inferiority: (school aged kids 6-12) Kids dealing with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence. (School) o Identity vs. Role Confusion (teens 12-20) Teens need to develop self-identity and personal identity to stay true to themselves. (Social Relationships) o Intimacy & Solidarity vs. Isolation (young adults 20-30 ) Young Adults need to form intimate, loving relationships. (Relationships) o Generativity vs. Self-Absorption: (adults 30-65) Need to create/nurture things by having children. (Work & Parenthood) o Integrity vs. Despair (elderly 65+) Need to look back and feel fulfilled by accomplishments; have wisdom and no regrets (Reflection on Life)
- Sullivan Personalities are influenced during childhood and mostly by the MOTHER.
- Therapeutic Communication: goal directed, professional, scientifically based. The goal is to get information so that you can plan care for the patient. o Active Listening ▪ Clarifying: promotes understanding of the patient’s statement ▪ Restating: repeating the same key words the patient has just spoken to echo their feelings. (Ex: If a patient remarks, “My life is empty…it has
no meaning,” additional information may be gained by restating, “Your life has no meaning?”) ▪ Reflecting: helps people understand their own thoughts better; summarizes (Ex: For example, to reflect a patient's feelings about his or her life, a good beginning might be, “You sound as if you have had many disappointments.”) ▪ Exploring: use of open-ended questions or statements to allow the patient to express thoughts/feelings. (Ex: “Tell me more…”, “Give me an example of…”)
- Communication Technique Examples in Different Scenarios o For Suicidal Patients: “These thoughts are very serious Mr. Adams. I do not want any harm to come to you. Can you tell me what you were feeling and if there were any circumstances that led you to this decision?” o For Patients who start Crying : Stay with your patient and reinforce that it is all right to cry & offer tissues. “You seem upset, what are you thinking right now?” o For Patients who say they “don’t want to talk” : “Its alright. I would like to spend time with you. We don’t have to talk.” Or reapproach at a later time, “Our 5 minutes is up. I will be back at 10am and spend another 5 minutes with you.” o For Patients who ask the nurse to keep a secret: Nurses cannot make such promises, as it may be important to share that information with other staff for safety reasons. “I cannot make that promise Mr. Adams as it might be important for me to share it with the other staff”. o Non-Verbal: Tone of voice (tone, pitch, intensity, stuttering, silence, pausing) Facial expressions (frown, smile, grimaces, raises eyebrows, licks lips) Posture (slumps over, puts face in hands, taps feet, fidgets with fingers)
strategies, evokes strong feelings in both client & nurse.
- Legal, Ethical, and Cultural o Negligence –or malpractice is an act or an omission to act that breaches the duty of due care and results in or is responsible for a person’s injuries. The five elements required to prove negligence are: (1) duty, (2) breach of duty, (3) cause in fact, (4) proximate cause, and (5) damages. ▪ Example – A nurse know that a patient’s IV is malfunctioning and the wires are frayed, but decides not to act in a timely manner and leaves the IV on the patient and doesn’t tag it for repair, this results in the patient dying. o Beneficence - This relates to the quality of doing good and can be described as charity. Example - A nurse helps a newly admitted client who has psychosis feel safe in the environment of the mental health facility. o Autonomy - This refers to the client’s right to make her own decisions. But the client must accept the consequences of those decisions. The client must also respect the decisions of others. Example - Rather than giving advice to a client who has difficulty making decisions, a nurse helps the client explore all alternatives and arrive at a choice. o Justice - This is defined as fair and equal treatment for all. Example - During a treatment team meeting, a nurse leads a discussion regarding whether or not two clients who broke the same facility rule were treated equally. o Fidelity - This relates to loyalty and faithfulness to the client and to one’s duty.
Example - A client asks a nurse to be present when he talks to his mother for the first time in a year. The nurse remains with the client during this interaction. o Veracity - This refers to being honest when dealing with a client. Example - A client states, “You and that other staff member were talking about me, weren’t you?” The nurse truthfully replies, “We were discussing ways to help you relate to the other clients in a more positive way.”
- Rights for Voluntary and Involuntary Admission o Voluntary Commitment – The client or client’s guardian chooses commitment to a mental health facility in order to obtain treatment. A voluntarily committed client has the right to apply for release at any time. This client is considered competent, and so has the right to refuse medication and treatment. o Involuntary (civil) Commitment – The client enters the mental health facility against her will for an indefinite period of time. The commitment is based on the client’s need for psychiatric treatment , the risk of harm to self or others, or the inability to provide self-care. The need for commitment could be determined by a judge of the court or by another agency. The number of physicians, which is usually two, required to certify that the client’s condition requires commitment varies from state to state. Clients admitted under involuntary commitment are still considered competent and have the right to refuse treatment, unless they have gone through a legal competency hearing and have been judged incompetent.
- Informed Consent o The principle of informed consent is based on a person’s right to self- determination, as enunciated in the landmark case of Canterbury v. Spence (1972): True consent to what happens to one’s self is the informed exercise of choice, and that entails an opportunity to evaluate knowledgeably the options available and the risks attendant on each. Proper orders for specific therapies and treatments are required and must be documented in the patient’s chart. Consent for surgery, electroconvulsive treatment, or the use of experimental drugs or procedures must be obtained
- Confidentiality/HIPAA o Therefore, you may not, without the patient’s consent, disclose information obtained from the patient or information in the medical record to anyone except those individuals for whom it is necessary for implementation of the patient’s treatment plan. **- Psychiatric Nursing Assessment – priority interventions, nursing dx, etc
- Mood Disorders**
- Primary vs. Secondary Depression o Primary Depression : due to family history, female gender, 40yrs +, post- partum, chronic illness, ETOH abuse, stressful life events. o Secondary Depression: Resultant from another mental health disorder or debilitating chronic illness. Person is depressed BECAUSE of their decline in physical or mental functioning. - Borderline personality disorder - produces emotional lability and inconsistency in behavior. _ Nurse should be consistent with clients with a personality disorder_*
- **Nursing Diagnosis for Depression: *** Risk for Suicide , Risk for Self-Mutilation, Ineffective Coping, Hopelessness, Powerlessness, Social Isolation, Risk for Loneliness, Situational Low Self-Esteem. - First-line treatment for Depression: o TCA’s are #1 (Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Doxepin). o 2nd is SSRI/SNRI’s (citalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, bupropion, Buspirone) o Last option is MAOI (phenelzine, isocarboxazid)
priority diagnosis! o Interventions: #1 is suicide precautions ( 1:1 monitoring, keep an arm’s length from pt, no suicide contract) Make environment safe (remove sharp objects, metal silverware, mirrors, glass, cords, belts) o After Crisis Period: Have friend stay the night or have pt stay with family Remove weapons and pills from the house Encourage the patient to talk openly about their feelings. Don’t give person more than 1-3 days supply of a medication due to overdose (SSRI’s are least lethal)
- Lithium Levels & Toxicity – o Therapeutic Range: 0.8-1.4 (fine hand tremors & mild N/V are normal) o Maintenance Range: 0.4 – 1. o Toxic Range : 1.5 and over o Toxicity: slurred speech, blurry vision, seizures, coarse tremors, severe N/V, thirst o Patient Teaching: regular salt diet, doesn’t get dehydrated, stay out of hot climates, avoid excessive exercise, take with food. o Lithium toxicity - possible when one becomes dehydrated, nausea or diarrhea. - Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Levels &
Stages o Mild: Everyday anxiety, better focusing, more alert and in-tune with surroundings (nail biting, fidgeting, foot tapping are common) o Moderate: Narrowed perceptual field, hears/sees/grasps less info. (Pacing, pounding heart, banging hands on table) o Severe: Cannot learn or problem solve. Confusion, hyperventilation, making threats and feeling of “impending doom”. (Stomach aches & physical symptoms are common: dizziness, H/A, insomnia, nausea) o Panic: Extreme Anxiety. Cannot problem solve/learn, Dilated Pupils, shouting, screaming, and hallucinations. Lost touch with reality. Nursing Interventions for Anxiety o Mild/Moderate: Be calm and listen! Find out what worked before. Clarify, use open-ended questions, have the patient NAME the anxiety/trigger, “what were you thinking right before the attack?”. o Severe/Panic: Firm, Short Answers, Set Limits (you cannot hit me or anyone else), move patient to quiet room, low pitch voice & speak slow, reinforce reality, remain with the patient (don’t leave them alone), Prevent dehydration & exhaustion (high calorie fluids). Gross motor activities to drain some of the tension (ping pong, dancing, etc) Anxiety/Depression Meds: o Antidepressants - prevents/relieves depression. SSRI’s – (Ex: fluoxetine, citalopram, sertraline). Black Box Warning: increased suicidal thoughts are possible. Takes 2-4 weeks to work. Helps treat Depression, ETOH
▪ Contraindications: Elderly and those with Cardiac Disease ▪ Patient Teaching: takes 6-8 for full effect, get up slowly from sitting position, take at BEDTIME to reduce side effects, good mouth care/lozenges for dry mouth, don’t stop cold turkey o MAOI –. (ex: Phenelzine/Nardil, Isocarboxazid, Parnate) Side Effects: insomnia, palpitations, H/A, loss of libido, Orthostatic Hypotension Contraindications: Foods with Tyramine (causes Hypertensive Crisis. Food Ex: avocados, figs, bananas, smoked meats, organs, lunch meat, yeast, aged cheese, beer/wine, smoked fish, soy sauce), Pregnancy!!! Patient Teaching: Hypotension is HUGE – get up slowly from sitting, avoid Tyramine foods, avoid cold medications, go to ER if pounding H/A, avoid eating at Chinese restaurants.
- Benzodiazepines – commonly given & teaching needed for patients o (Ex: Alprazolam, Diazepam, Lorazepam)(“Pam and Lam sisters”) o Very sedating, quick onset o Dependence on meds is HUGE. Don’t use a Benzo with a patient who has a history of drug abuse. Adverse Reactions: sedation, dry mouth, decreased cognitive function. Patient Teaching: increase fluids for dry mouth, don’t take if breastfeeding or if you have a drug abuse problem (ETOH too). Taper off the med. Take with or shortly after meals. Don’t take with Antacids, alcohol or caffeine.
- Defense Mechanisms o Altruism – emotional conflict are addressed by meeting the needs of others. o Sublimation – substituting something constructive for something they feel they lack or are inadequate at o Suppression – denial of something disturbing o Repression – forgetting/excluding unpleasant things from memory (forgetting a death of a parent, etc) o Displacement – transferring feelings from a particular person/event to something non-threatening (Boss yells at man man yells at wife wife yells at child child kicks the dog). o Undoing – compensation for a negative action, common in OCD (Ex: giving a gift to undo an argument. Washing hands frequently to reduce anxiety about dirty thoughts). o Somatization – turning anxiety into physical symptoms o Dissociation – the pain/anxiety is too much to deal with, so the patient dissociates to get away from it (an “out of body” experience). o Projection – blaming another PERSON for your own issues o Reaction Formation – unacceptable feelings are kept out of awareness by doing the opposite behavior (Ex: person who doesn’t like children becomes a boy scout leader) o Passive Aggressive – aggression towards others is expressed by procrastination, failure, and illness that affect others more than themselves. o Splitting – qualities of a person are either all good, or all bad – not a healthy mix. (either good, loving, nurturing or bad, mean, hateful). o Idealization – emotional issues are dealt with by exaggerated qualities to others
shifting weight from side to side)
- Neuroleptic Malignancy Syndrome o Results from use of Typical Antipsychotics (Ex: Haldol) o Symptoms: Severe muscle rigidity, confusion, agitation, increased temperature (103+), pulse and BP o Interventions : 1. Stop the medication 2. Dantrolene (fever reducing agents) 3. Cool body to reduce fever 4. Maintain hydration with IV fluids 5. Treat cardiac dysrhythmias
- Summary of Delusions o Thought broadcasting —belief that one's thoughts can be heard by others (e.g., “My brain is connected to the world mind. I can control all heads of state through my thoughts.”) o Thought insertion —belief that thoughts of others are being inserted into one's mind (e.g., “They make me think bad thoughts.”) o Thought withdrawal —belief that thoughts have been removed from one's mind by an outside agency (e.g., “The devil takes my thoughts away and leaves me empty.”) o Delusion of being controlled —belief that one's body or mind is controlled by an outside agency (e.g., “There is a man from darkness who controls my thoughts with electrical waves”) and made to feel emotions or sensations (e.g., sexual) that are not one's own. o Nursing Interventions : Don’t try to correct the patient. DON’T TOUCH the
