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AGPCNP NU 636
Advanced Pharmacology
Midterm Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
- Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Increases insulin secretion
- B. Decreases hepatic glucose production
- C. Increases glucose absorption in the intestines
- D. Inhibits glucagon release
- ANS : B. Decreases hepatic glucose production
- Rationale: Metformin primarily works by decreasing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity.
- A 55-year-old woman with a history of hypertension is prescribed lisinopril. Which of the following is a common side effect of this medication?
- A. Hypokalemia
- B. Dry cough
- C. Bradycardia
- D. Hyperglycemia
- ANS : B. Dry cough
- Rationale: Lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor, commonly causes a dry cough due to increased bradykinin levels.
- Which of the following medications is most appropriate for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbation?
- A. Inhaled corticosteroids
- B. Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs)
- C. Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs)
- D. Leukotriene receptor antagonists
- ANS : C. Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs)
- Rationale: SABAs are the first-line treatment for acute asthma exacerbations due to their rapid bronchodilatory effects.
- True or False: Warfarin therapy requires regular monitoring of the international normalized ratio (INR).
- ANS : True
- Rationale: Warfarin therapy requires regular INR monitoring to ensure therapeutic anticoagulation and minimize the risk of bleeding.
- True or False: Beta-blockers are contraindicated in patients with asthma.
- ANS : True
- Rationale: Beta-blockers can cause bronchoconstriction and are generally contraindicated in patients with asthma.
- True or False: The use of statins is associated with an increased risk of myopathy.
- ANS : True
- Rationale: Statins can cause myopathy, which is a dose- dependent adverse effect. Multiple Response Questions
- Which of the following are common side effects of opioid analgesics? (Select all that apply)
- A. Constipation
- B. Respiratory depression
- C. Nausea
- D. Hypertension
- ANS : A. Constipation, B. Respiratory depression, C. Nausea
- Rationale: Common side effects of opioid analgesics include constipation, respiratory depression, and nausea.
- Which of the following medications are used in the management of chronic heart failure? (Select all that apply)
- A. ACE inhibitors
- B. Beta-blockers
- C. Diuretics
- D. Calcium channel blockers
- ANS : A. ACE inhibitors, B. Beta-blockers, C. Diuretics
- Rationale: ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics are commonly used in the management of chronic heart failure.
- Which of the following are risk factors for developing adverse drug reactions in elderly patients? (Select all that apply)
- Which of the following is the most appropriate initial management for a patient with anaphylaxis?
- A. Antihistamines
- B. Corticosteroids
- C. Epinephrine
- D. Beta-blockers
- ANS : C. Epinephrine
- Rationale: Epinephrine is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis due to its rapid action in reversing the symptoms.
- A 60 - year-old man with chronic kidney disease is prescribed erythropoietin. Which of the following is the primary indication for this medication?
- A. Anemia
- B. Hypertension
- C. Hyperkalemia
- D. Hyperphosphatemia
- ANS : A. Anemia
- Rationale: Erythropoietin is used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease by stimulating red blood cell production.
- Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
- A. Neutralizing stomach acid
- B. Inhibiting gastric acid secretion
- C. Coating the stomach lining
- D. Increasing gastric motility
- ANS : B. Inhibiting gastric acid secretion
- Rationale: PPIs work by inhibiting the proton pump in the stomach lining, thereby reducing gastric acid secretion.
- A 50-year-old woman presents with a history of osteoporosis and is prescribed alendronate. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of action of this medication?
- A. Stimulating bone formation
- B. Inhibiting bone resorption
- C. Increasing calcium absorption
- D. Decreasing calcium excretion
- ANS : B. Inhibiting bone resorption
- Rationale: Alendronate is a bisphosphonate that works by inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, thereby increasing bone density.
- Which of the following is the primary indication for the use of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis?
- A. Pain relief
- B. Disease modification
- C. Symptom control
- D. Infection prevention
- ANS : B. Disease modification
- Rationale: Methotrexate is used in rheumatoid arthritis primarily for its disease-modifying effects, reducing inflammation and slowing disease progression. Multiple Choice: Which of the following drug classes is primarily used in the management of hypertension? A) Beta-blockers B) Antidepressants C) Antihistamines D) Antibiotics Correct ANS : A) Beta-blockers Rationale: Beta-blockers are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension due to their ability to lower heart rate and reduce cardiac output.
Fill-in-the-Blank: The primary mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors is the inhibition of the enzyme __. Correct ANS : Angiotensin-converting enzyme Rationale: ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and decreased blood pressure. True/False: The therapeutic index of a drug is defined as the ratio between the toxic dose and the effective dose. Correct ANS : True Rationale: A higher therapeutic index indicates a greater margin of safety for the drug. Multiple Response: Which of the following are characteristics of pharmacokinetics? (Select all that apply) A) Absorption B) Distribution C) Metabolism D) Therapeutic effect Correct ANS s: A) Absorption, B) Distribution, C) Metabolism Rationale: Pharmacokinetics encompasses the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
Rationale: Drug interactions can occur due to pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic factors, even if the medications are not given at the same time. Multiple Response: Which of the following factors can affect drug absorption? (Select all that apply) A) pH of the gastrointestinal tract B) Presence of food in the stomach C) Age of the patient D) Time of day Correct ANS s: A) pH of the gastrointestinal tract, B) Presence of food in the stomach, C) Age of the patient Rationale: Various physiological factors, including pH and food presence, significantly impact the absorption of drugs. Multiple Choice: The primary organ responsible for drug metabolism is the: A) Kidneys B) Liver C) Lungs D) Heart Correct ANS : B) Liver
Rationale: The liver plays a crucial role in metabolizing drugs, converting them into more water-soluble forms for excretion. Fill-in-the-Blank: The term __ refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the body. Correct ANS : Pharmacodynamics Rationale: Pharmacodynamics examines how drugs exert their effects at the cellular and systemic levels. True/False: Agonists bind to receptors and activate them to produce a biological response. Correct ANS : True Rationale: Agonists mimic the action of endogenous substances, leading to a physiological response. Multiple Response: Which of the following are common side effects of corticosteroids? (Select all that apply) A) Weight gain B) Hyperglycemia C) Insomnia D) Bradycardia Correct ANS s: A) Weight gain, B) Hyperglycemia, C) Insomnia
Rationale: Half-life is a critical pharmacokinetic parameter that influences dosing schedules. Multiple Response: Which of the following are potential consequences of polypharmacy? (Select all that apply) A) Increased risk of drug interactions B) Enhanced therapeutic effects C) Adverse drug reactions D) Medication non-adherence Correct ANS s: A) Increased risk of drug interactions, C) Adverse drug reactions, D) Medication non-adherence Rationale: Polypharmacy can lead to complex drug regimens, increasing the likelihood of interactions and non-adherence. Multiple Choice: Which class of medications is primarily used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? A) Anticoagulants B) Bronchodilators C) Antidepressants D) Antipyretics Correct ANS : B) Bronchodilators
Rationale: Bronchodilators are essential for relieving airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Fill-in-the-Blank: The __ effect occurs when a drug is administered for a prolonged period, leading to a decreased response. Correct ANS : Tolerance Rationale: Tolerance develops as the body adjusts to the drug’s effects, often necessitating higher doses to achieve the same therapeutic effect. True/False: Pharmacovigilance refers to the science relating to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects of drugs. Correct ANS : True Rationale: Pharmacovigilance is crucial for ensuring drug safety and efficacy post-marketing. Multiple Response: Which of the following are considered contraindications for the use of NSAIDs? (Select all that apply) A) Peptic ulcer disease B) Renal impairment C) Hypertension D) Asthma
