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NR- 335 /NR- 335 Final Exam Study
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Terms in this set (102) _____________Quiz____________? What is the key weakness in eco-groups lobbying? -
Answer ✓✓
Never have more money than polluters For a brief time in the 1970's environmental groups did outsmart the other side However, most groups are still using the approach that worked in the 1970' _____________Quiz____________? What are environmental groups still focused on? -
Answer ✓✓
Educate the public Send a letter to your elected official _____________Quiz____________? Why is the approach of the environmental groups now ineffective? -
Answer ✓✓
This approach is not likely to change a person's mind Other side has countered with well-funded publicity
Not enough attention to framing _____________Quiz____________? Basic Political Argument -
Answer ✓✓
"Politics makes strange bedfellows" Key to success is to work with people that you don't normally work with → only need 51% "Preaching to the Choir" is not enough Need "strength of weak ties _____________Quiz____________? issue -
Answer ✓✓
point of conflict, what we are arguing about _____________Quiz____________? Framing -
Answer ✓✓
discourse used to discuss an issue _____________Quiz____________? N.B. -
Answer ✓✓
questions are more powerful than answers _____________Quiz____________? Thomas Pynchon -
Answer ✓✓
"If they can get you asking the wrong question, they don't have to worry about the answers"
- meaning already in your head
- Key form is "Master Default Frame _____________Quiz____________? Master Default Frame -
Answer ✓✓
- picture that is already in your head
- comes to our mind automatically _____________Quiz____________? What is the master default frame for environmentalists? -
Answer ✓✓
- tree-hugger, hippie, well meaning, impractical, probably don't care about economy or jobs _____________Quiz____________? What is the master default frame for foresters? -
Answer ✓✓
not concerned for environment, care more about making money, ax-wielding, conservative, Paul Bunyan type _____________Quiz____________? What is the master default frame for environmental problems? -
Answer ✓✓
- environment vs jobs
- we are all individually responsible
- problems are huge
- change would be too costly _____________Quiz____________? 2 ways to frame same issue: Garbage -
Answer ✓✓
Specific issue: garbage waste, Issue category: litter bugs, big idea: individual choice Specific issue, garbage wastes, Issue category: wasteful packaging, Big idea: corporate responsibility _____________Quiz____________? episodic framing: health care -
Answer ✓✓
person who gets sick but does not have health insurance was being irresponsible _____________Quiz____________? thematic framing: health care -
Answer ✓✓
health care is a human right and as a society we must make sure everyone has ability to get insurance _____________Quiz____________? What does differences in framing have to do with environmental issues? -
Answer ✓✓
- solving environmental issues tend to require thematic interpretation
- question of environment should be about responsibility to community and future generations _____________Quiz____________? Why do we need to move away from default/episodic frame? -
Answer ✓✓
- we are all responsible
- problems are huge
- too costly to solve _____________Quiz____________?
Answer ✓✓
connect isolated case to bigger trend and look at the bigger picture _____________Quiz____________? Key Insights for framing -
Answer ✓✓
- it is hard to change attitudes and beliefs
- even harder to change behavior
- facts usually less powerful than frames
- don't: treat information as persuasion simply present information, not far it not learn enough about how others see things _____________Quiz____________? Key pattern in envm politics -
Answer ✓✓
stalling _____________Quiz____________? Stalling: generic form -
Answer ✓✓
we are working on it _____________Quiz____________? Stalling: administrative form -
Answer ✓✓
needs to be reviewed by agency X, then agency Y, and so on... _____________Quiz____________?
Stalling: Scientific Certainty form -
Answer ✓✓
we need to do more studies _____________Quiz____________? Why industry is so much more successful than envm groups? -
Answer ✓✓
- industry smarter abt getting organized
- Power of SCAMs _____________Quiz____________? SCAM -
Answer ✓✓
"Scientific Certainty" Argumentation Methods _____________Quiz____________? Working principle of SCAMs -
Answer ✓✓
failure to understand what science can/can't provide _____________Quiz____________? What is the answer to almost all environmental controversies? -
Answer ✓✓
Maybe _____________Quiz____________? Who wins an environmental controversy? -
Answer ✓✓
the lawyers, as the scientists say maybe
_____________Quiz____________? What is the problem with focusing on Type I errors? -
Answer ✓✓
this is not the conservative way to manage risk
- greater conservatism about avoiding Type I equals greater risk of making Type II _____________Quiz____________? SCAM basic pattern -
Answer ✓✓
- realize scientific findings are often inherently probabilistic/ambiguous
- try to prevent agencies from imposing any regulations unless unambiguously justified
- if succeed, many regulations can be postponed, sometimes indefinitely _____________Quiz____________? Tobacco SCAM -
Answer ✓✓
- study was done between 1954-1990 on tobacco
- revealed anonymously
- didn't prove they were safe, just said that "scientists disagree"
- put burden on opponents _____________Quiz____________? Global Warming SCAM -
Answer ✓✓
~90% of scientists: real, anthropogenic ~90% of media: "Scientists Disagree"
- scientists view endorsed by many esteemed research orgs opposite side - Michael Crichton (jurassic park)
_____________Quiz____________? Anti-scam policy -
Answer ✓✓
need new models, more realism
- reverse burden of proof
- if can resolve with more data, do
- triage - stat significantly. evidence/harm: regulate
- powerful evidence, no harm : don't indeterminate: precautionary principle
- Triage 2: calculate balance of Type I/Type 2 errors _____________Quiz____________? How can ENVM groups fight SCAMS? -
Answer ✓✓
- need to recognize tricks, not fall for them
- SCAM
- ask who burden of proof is on
- call attention to technique
- shift focus from question of science to question of risk NB focus on
- do we have nought science to regulate? (Type 1)
- are we safe? (Type II) _____________Quiz____________? Environmental justice definition of environment -
Answer ✓✓
- where we live, work, play, learn
- physical and natural world
_____________Quiz____________? The Houston Backdrop -
Answer ✓✓
Summary of Solid Waste Sites and the Black Houston Community Study:
- all 5 landfills were located in black neighborhoods
- 6/8 (75%) city owned incinerators were located in black neighborhoods
- 3/4 privately owned landfills were in black neighborhoods
- over 82% of wastes disposed in Houston went to mostly black neighborhoods, even thought blacks only made up only 25% of City's population _____________Quiz____________? Warren County, NC -
Answer ✓✓
- envm justice movement born
- triple whammy of rural, poor and mostly black
- trucking company sprayed harmful PCB at night all over roads
- over 500 demonstrators were arrested protesting the siting of a hazardous PCB landfill _____________Quiz____________? Bean vs. Southwestern Waste (1979) -
Answer ✓✓
NECAG hired Linda McKeever Bullard to represent them
- lost, but it was first usage of Civil Rights Act to stop environmental discrimination, so was a large step _____________Quiz____________? Toxic Wastes and Race in the US (1987) -
Answer ✓✓
- The United Church of ChristCommission for RacialJustice produced the first national study linking race and the location of hazardous waste sites•
- The study concluded that race was the most important factor in predicting where waste sites would be located _____________Quiz____________? Other important envm justice notes -
Answer ✓✓
People of Color Summit Washington, DC (1991)
- 17 principles of envm justice _____________Quiz____________? Flint, Michigan -
Answer ✓✓
- manmade crisis
- city of 100,000 people entire water supply
- not days, but months, now years
- long term impact to human health, especially for children
- early gov. response was inadequate
- politically charged and extensive media coverage _____________Quiz____________? impact assessment -
Answer ✓✓
managers need to consider impact of environmental policies not only on the ecosystem but also on various human populations _____________Quiz____________? Holistic approach -
Answer ✓✓
_____________Quiz____________? Pareto Frontier negotiation -
Answer ✓✓
- efficiency increase as you move towards the line _____________Quiz____________? Basis for joint gains -
Answer ✓✓
- Expand the issues
- Prioritize your issues
- Understand other's priorities
- Trade _____________Quiz____________? Mistakes when trying to achieve joint gains -
Answer ✓✓
- resolving issues one by one instead of simultaneously
- locking in decision on single issue before exploring options
- spending too much time negotiating over preferences within issues, and not enough on understanding relative valuations of different issues _____________Quiz____________? What information to share -
Answer ✓✓
- use caution and wait for reciprocation
- revealing priorities among issues is less risky instead of revealing preferences for specific alternatives within the issue _____________Quiz____________?
Basis for Joint Gains -
Answer ✓✓
- exist because interests differ
- can offer something that is relatively less valuable
- counter to common interest as the basis for good relations
- lies in different valuations
- task is to find the advantageous trades _____________Quiz____________? claiming value -
Answer ✓✓
working to obtain the largest possible piece of a negotiated resource _____________Quiz____________? creating value -
Answer ✓✓
working to enlarge the pie so everyone can obtain more than before _____________Quiz____________? claiming value tendencies -
Answer ✓✓
- win-lost
- conceal info
- Minimize other party's concessions and maximize value of own concessions
- make threats, extreme commitments to own positions, argue forcefully _____________Quiz____________? creating value tendencies -
Answer ✓✓
- claiming will do better against creating
- claiming against claiming will lead to a bad agreement
- creating against creating will result in variety of trades that are on relatively even terms _____________Quiz____________? Negotiators dilemma vs Prisoner's dilemma -
Answer ✓✓
- PD does not have communication between parties
- PD is typically a single round
- can not make commitment to cooperate before making choices _____________Quiz____________? create values without becoming vulnerable to claiming -
Answer ✓✓
- Signal that payoff will be higher with creating, not claiming
- In repeated interaction, choices in early rounds effect subsequent choices
- Can sometimes avoid pull towards claiming by signaling effectively in the early stages _____________Quiz____________? How does an individual respond to negotiators dilemma? -
Answer ✓✓
- create value without becoming vulnerable to claiming
- break negotiation into stages
- place moves in one stage in perspective before starting next round
- separate process of inventing from deciding _____________Quiz____________? How do institutions respond to the negotiator's dilemma? -
Answer ✓✓
- mediators and third parties
- single negotiating text
- post-settlement settlements _____________Quiz____________? Mediators and other third parties -
Answer ✓✓
- enhance the flow of information
- generate compromise solutions _____________Quiz____________? Mediator -
Answer ✓✓
A neutral third party who facilitates a negotiated solution by using reasoning, persuasion, and suggestions for alternatives. _____________Quiz____________? facilitator -
Answer ✓✓
someone who helps a team to work together effectively _____________Quiz____________? arbitrator -
Answer ✓✓
A third party to a negotiation who has the authority to dictate an agreement. _____________Quiz____________? litigator -
Answer ✓✓
a lawyer who handles court cases
