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Global Business: Exporting & Importing - Risks, Rewards & Assistance for Entrepreneurs - P, Study notes of Introduction to Business Management

This chapter explores the opportunities and challenges of international trade for small businesses. It covers the decision-making process for exporting, export plan development, and the procedures for importing goods into the united states. The document also provides resources for entrepreneurs seeking assistance in global business.

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CHAPTER 11
GLOBAL BUSINESS
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The importance of global to small business is emphasized in this chapter.
International trade represents exciting opportunities for many entrepreneurs in many lines
of business. Even modest attempts at exploiting overseas markets require careful analysis
and planning. This chapter explores the risks and rewards of international trade and
describes various sources of assistance available to the entrepreneur who chooses to
engage in it.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Small firms should consider exporting and importing.
A range of approaches may be used to enter foreign markets.
There are widely accepted procedures for reducing the risk of doing business with
an individual or firm in another country.
A wide range of government programs to assist entrepreneurs in exporting is
available.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. Exporting
A. The Current Situation
1. Commerce of the world is changing rapidly and in ways that often
affect domestic business profoundly.
2. The United States has not pursued development of export markets
as aggressively as many other countries; our nation’s balance of
trade has been negative since the 1970s.
3. Although the U.S. economy is the largest in the world, much of the
economic growth of the next century will occur in developing
nations.
4. Many entrepreneurs do not even consider opportunities in
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CHAPTER 11

GLOBAL BUSINESS

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

The importance of global to small business is emphasized in this chapter. International trade represents exciting opportunities for many entrepreneurs in many lines of business. Even modest attempts at exploiting overseas markets require careful analysis and planning. This chapter explores the risks and rewards of international trade and describes various sources of assistance available to the entrepreneur who chooses to engage in it. LEARNING OBJECTIVES  Small firms should consider exporting and importing.  A range of approaches may be used to enter foreign markets.  There are widely accepted procedures for reducing the risk of doing business with an individual or firm in another country.  A wide range of government programs to assist entrepreneurs in exporting is available. CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Exporting A. The Current Situation

  1. Commerce of the world is changing rapidly and in ways that often affect domestic business profoundly.
  2. The United States has not pursued development of export markets as aggressively as many other countries; our nation’s balance of trade has been negative since the 1970s.
  3. Although the U.S. economy is the largest in the world, much of the economic growth of the next century will occur in developing nations.
  4. Many entrepreneurs do not even consider opportunities in

international trade because they feel the domestic market is more than large enough and that any business in a foreign country will bring complications. B. The Decision to Start Exporting

  1. The most basic concern in deciding whether to go international with a product is its export potential; i.e., some products seem to fit well into many cultures; others have very limited appeal in cultures other than their origin.
  2. In addition to the question of whether a company’s products will be accepted, the reasons why the move is even being considered and what it will mean to the firm’s operations must be examined. C. Developing an Export Plan
  3. One early step in the development of an export plan is the identification of products that are export ready. This step includes product design and technology.
  4. The country, or countries, to which products are to be exported must be selected.
  5. The price to be charged may be based on a number of factors, including the costs of serving the market, the objectives of the firm, competition, etc. D. Getting Established in an International Market
  6. One approach to entering the international market is through indirect exporting. This involves the use of an outside individual or organization to assist in marketing and/or shipping the product.
  7. The direct approach to exporting is much more ambitious because it requires that company making all the arrangements with the foreign buyers, including shipping, marketing, promoting, servicing, selecting channels of distribution, etc. E. Getting Paid
  8. Dealing with a buyer in another country can be very risky because of the ways in which culture and laws may differ.
  9. The conventional way of removing the uncertainty regarding the payment is the letter of credit.
  1. If the entrepreneur used the sourcing method of locating goods, the buyers of the imported goods are rather easily identified; they are the current users of the product for whom the better price and/or value is appealing.
  2. Opportunity-spotting importers, on the other hand, may find they have to use a number of channels to develop a sufficiently high level of sales. SUGGESTED RESPONSES TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
  3. Describe the contrast between the United States trade balance during the first 70 years of the 20th century versus that of the period since 1970. The first 70 years were marked by an unbroken string of surpluses in our country’s trade balance; since then—with only 2 years as exceptions—we have had deficits. Those deficits are now at a level of $100–$120 billion annually.
  4. Why are there so few small businesses involved in exporting or importing? Most small business owners seem content to serve the U.S. only, reasoning that there is plenty of untapped potential in the domestic market. Another reason that small firms do not get into international trade is the additional complexity involved in developing and serving customers in a different culture and country.
  5. Distinguish between direct and indirect approaches to entering international markets and give examples of each. Direct entry into a foreign market is one in which the firm takes on the tasks of locating the customers, making the sale, shipping the goods, arranging for payment, and providing documentation. No outside help is used. On the other hand, many firms choose to contract for assistance as they enter overseas markets. Some of these companies will make use of the services of export management companies, which arrange for all aspects of the international transaction. Other kinds of indirect exporting include use of international trading companies and companies that are already in international markets that take on the products of another company for sale in those markets.
  6. What is the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Trade Information Center? The International Trade Center provides a wide variety of advice and service to firms needing to learn about the export process. The Center can describe the government programs and offices available to exporters, direct entrepreneurs to market research and trade leads, and provide information on export financing programs.
  1. Give reasons why a U.S.-based entrepreneur would be well-advised to start exporting efforts with either Mexico or Canada. These countries are our country’s closest neighbors, so shipping and service are less complicated and costly than in other parts of the world. The NAFTA provisions are written to facilitate trade between these countries. Finally, the cultures of Mexico and Canada are more similar to that of the United States than are those of most countries.
  2. Describe the process by which merchandise enters this country from another. It is a five-step process, starting with entry, during which the authenticity of the shipping documents is confirmed. The merchandise is then subjected to inspection to determine the value of the goods, the accuracy of the invoice, whether the goods are safe and not prohibited, and so forth. The appraisal step is used to determine the value of the shipment. The next step is determination of the tariff rate that must be paid; this is called classification. The final step is the payment of the duty needed to clear customs; this is liquidation. LINK TO THE BUSINESS PLAN If a company plans to import or export products, it is essential to include this information in the business plan. The business plan must demonstrate the entrepreneur has the knowledge and skills needed to successfully operate this type of business. The business plan should answer the following: Have you had previous experience importing or exporting? Have you met with any government agencies that help in international trade? Why do you want to export or import? What countries will be pursued first? Why? Will you use direct or indirect exporting? If indirect, have you identified an export management company or international trading company to work with? Will you use letters of credit? HELPFUL WEBSITES http://www.census.gov/indicator/www/ustrade.html This is a site maintained by U.S. Census Bureau providing monthly foreign trade