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NIFE WEATHER ELOS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED., Exercises of Advanced Education

NIFE WEATHER ELOS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.NIFE WEATHER ELOS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.NIFE WEATHER ELOS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.NIFE WEATHER ELOS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.NIFE WEATHER ELOS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.

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NIFE WEATHER ELOS EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.
1. Describe the characteristics of the troposphere: Layer adjacent to earths
surface, 55k ft over equator to 28k over poles.
avg height is 36k, higher in summer.
temp decreases as altitude increases, and nearly all weather occurs
winds range from light at surface to 200 kts near the top
2. Define atmospheric pressure: the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmos-
phere over a column of air.
3. what is the standard unit of pressure measurement and atmospheric pres-
sure at sea level: Pressure measurement is measured in inches of mercury (In-Hg)
and millibars.
standard measurements are 29.92 in-hg and 1013.25 mb
4. explain a pressure gradient: rate of pressure change perpendicular to the
isobars. stronger when isobars are closer together.
5. Standard Lapse Rate: 2 °c/1,000ft
3.6 F/1000ft
rate at which temperature decreases with altitude.
6. what is a standard atmosphere: 29.92 hg or 1013.2mb
15 C or 59 F
1"hg/ 1000ft. or 34 mb/1000ft.
2 C / 1000ft or 3.5 / 1000ft
LSOS 661.7 knots or 340.4 m/s
7. What is the difference in sea level pressure and station pressure: Station
pressure is the atmospheric pressure measured directly at an airfield or other
weather station.
sea level pressure is the pressure that would be measured if the eisting weather
station were at MSL.
Sea level pressure can always be calculated from station pressure by adding or
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NIFE WEATHER ELOS EXAM QUESTIONS AND

ANSWERS WELL ILLUSTRATED.

  1. Describe the characteristics of the troposphere: Layer adjacent to earths surface, 55k ft over equator to 28k over poles. avg height is 36k, higher in summer. temp decreases as altitude increases, and nearly all weather occurs winds range from light at surface to 200 kts near the top
  2. Define atmospheric pressure: the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmos- phere over a column of air.
  3. what is the standard unit of pressure measurement and atmospheric pres- sure at sea level: Pressure measurement is measured in inches of mercury (In-Hg) and millibars. standard measurements are 29.92 in-hg and 1013.25 mb
  4. explain a pressure gradient: rate of pressure change perpendicular to the isobars. stronger when isobars are closer together.
  5. Standard Lapse Rate: 2 °c/1,000ft 3.6 F/1000ft rate at which temperature decreases with altitude.
  6. what is a standard atmosphere: 29.92 hg or 1013.2mb 15 C or 59 F 1"hg/ 1000ft. or 34 mb/1000ft. 2 C / 1000ft or 3.5 / 1000ft LSOS 661.7 knots or 340.4 m/s
  7. What is the difference in sea level pressure and station pressure: Station pressure is the atmospheric pressure measured directly at an airfield or other weather station. sea level pressure is the pressure that would be measured if the eisting weather station were at MSL. Sea level pressure can always be calculated from station pressure by adding or

2 / 19 subtracting the standard lapse rate.

  1. define an air mass: Body of air that's humidity and temperature are almost uniform throughout. warm air masses bring stable conditions, and cold air masses are usually unstable.

4 / 19 d.

  1. Pressure changes effects on aircraft altimeters: As an aircraft flies from high to low pressure: "look out below" as your airplane will be lower than your indicated altitude. As an aircraft flies from low to high: "plenty of sky" as your aircraft will be higher than indicated altitude. A change in pressure of .10 In-Hg will change the altimeter setting 100 feet.
  2. How does temperature deviations from standard lapse rate effect aircraft altimeters: for every 11 deg C that the temp varies from standard, the altimeter will have a 4 percent error. If temp is LOWER than standard: Aircraft will be higher than indicate If temp is HIGHER than standard: aircraft will be lower than indicated.
  3. Define Temperature inversion: A temperature inversion is when the tempera- ture rises with altitude instead of falls.
  4. Explain and identify gradient winds with respect to isobars around pres- sure systems in northern hemisphere: Air circulates parallel (or close to parallel) to isobars, and CLOCKwise around high pressure and COUNTERCLOCKwise around low pressure.
  5. Identify surface wind direction with respect to gradient winds in a pres- sure system in the Northern Hemisphere: Pressure gradient force (high to low pressure force) causes air to flow perpendicular to isobars, however when coriolis force is added, this diverts the air to the right with respect to its inital direction of motion. Thus the combination of these forces produces the CW motion around high and CCW motion around low Found Above 2000 Ft.
  6. Surface winds: Blow at a 45 degree angle relative to parallel flow CW around high and CCW around low
  7. describe the jet stream: Strong, narrow band of high speed wind in upper troposphere.

5 / 19 es in width and than that over oves over the us clouds bus clouds sure rises winds average 100 - 150 knots but may reach in excess of 250 knots. Usually found in segments of 1000 - 3000 miles in length, 100 - 400 mil 3000 - 7000 feet in depth.

  1. Describe a sea breeze.: Pressure over warm land becomes lower the colder water. The cool air over the water (high to low pressure) m land, replacing the warm air over the land that moved upward.
  2. describe a land breeze: At night, the land cools quicker than the warmer water, causing a lower pressure inland, and a higher pressure at sea. The air flows from the land to the sea in a high to low pressure fashion. Land breezes are usually much lighter than sea breezes.
  3. describe a front: An area of discontinuity that forms between two contrasting air masses when they are adjacent to each other.
  4. Describe discontinuities that are used to locate and classify fronts: their temperature, moisture (indicated by the dew point), winds, and pressure. Cloud types are also useful indicators. Wind shifts 90 degrees from one side of the front to the other. Every front is located in a trough of low pressure.
  5. describe characteristics of a cold front including wind shift, ceiling and vis, turbulence and thunderstorms, and precipitation and icing.: As cold air pushes warm air upward, causes violent and unstable conditions. Move about 20 knots on average SW winds in warm air mass increase, pressure drops and altocumul appear. cloud bases then lower, rain or snow begins and Cumulonim move into the area. increases in intensity, then as front passes, pres sharply, and winds shift from SW to NW. post frontal weather includes rapidly clearing skies, fair weather cumulus clouds and decreasing temp and dew point. How it affects flight: fast moving cold fronts contain rough weather for roughly 50 miles. Slow moving can affect flight conditions for hours. Expect turbulence in vicinity of cold front. Icing may be severe in cumuliform clouds
  6. describe the characteristics of a squall line: Contain extremely violent thun- derstorms.

tability: c- ature cwhile decreasing e cair cupwards. ity cto cthe cincrease d Weather cdepends con cthe cdirection cyou capproach. cif cyou capproach cfrom cthe cwarm cfront cside, cyou cwill cencounter cwarm cfront cweather cand cwind cshift, cif cyou capproach cfrom cthe ccold cfront cside cyou cwill cencounter ccold cfront cweather.

  1. occluded cfront cwave cformation:
  2. Explain cthe crelationship cof cflight cconditions cand catmospheric cs c Stable:cTemperaturecinversions, clow cfog, cstratus cclouds, crising cair ctemper cclimbings. Unstable:cthunderstorms, cshowers, ctowering cclouds, cdust cdevils, crapidly cair ctemperature cwhile cclimbing.
  3. Identifycthe cfour cmethods cof clifting: c Convergence clifting:ctwo cair cmasses cpress cagainst ceach cother cand cpress cthe csurrounding cair cup frontal: cCold cfront ccomes cthrough cand clifts cthe cwarm cair cupwards corographic clifting:cforce cof cthe cwind cagainst ca cmountain cside cpushes cth Thermal/convective:ccool caircovercwarm csurface cis cheated cfrom cintense csolarcheating.
  4. describe cstability cwith crespect cto clifted cair: c Stable: cair cis cpushed cand creturns cto coriginal cposition Unstable: cpushed cup cand ccontinues cto crise Neutral: cpushed cup cand cstays cat cthat clevel
  5. describe c 3 ccharacteristics cof cprecipitation: c Showers: cCharacterized cby ca csudden cbeginning cand cending, cabruptly cchanging cintensity cand cor csky cconditions. cCumuliform cclouds Continuous:cSteady crain, cintensity cchanges cgradually, cif cat call.cStratiform cclouds Intermittent: cstops cand cstarts cat cleast conce can chour.cMay cbe cshowery cor csteady cand ccan cbe ceither ctype cof ccloud.
  6. Describe cLow cclouds cand ctheir ccharacteristics.: c Low cclouds:csurface cto c 6500 cft. cconsists cof cwater cdroplets. cMost cserious chazard cis cthe cclose cproxim surface, creducing cvisibility cand cceiling.cicing caccumulates cfaster cdue cto

dropletscand common cdue cto moderate cs cclouds. turbulence, . ndicated cossible. ss cthan c1/ density, cexpect cicing cand cnone cto cmoderate cturbulence cin clow cclouds.cUsually ca clight crain cor cdrizzle cfrom clow cclouds

  1. Describe cthe ctwo cprinciple ccloud cforms:c Cumuliform:cLumpy, cbillowy ccloud cwith ca cbase cshowing cpattern cor cstructure Stratiform:cUniform cbase, cformed cin chorizontal, csheet clike clayers
  2. Describe cmiddle cclouds cand ctheir ccharacteristics.: c Middle cClouds: c 6500 - 20000 cft. ccontains cprefex-ALTO. ccomposed cof cice ccrystals, cwater a cmix.cVisibility cin cclouds cranges cfrom ca cfew cfeet cto c1/2 cmile.cicing cis cc csupercooled cwater cdroplets cand cturbulence cis calso cpresent.
  3. Describe chigh cclouds cand ctheir ccharacteristics.: c High cclouds:cabove c20000. caverage cfrom c 20000 cto c 40000 cfoot cbases. cLittle ceffect con cflying cexcept turbulence cand climited cvisibility cassociated cwith cdense cjet cstream ccirru cmainly ccomposed cof cice ccrystals, cso cicing cis cnot can cissue.
  4. Describe cSpecial cclouds cand ctheir ccharacteristics.: c special cclouds cwith cver- ctical cdevelopment: ctowering ccumulus c(near cthunderstorm, cheavy crain cshowers cand cmoderate cturbulence cnear cthe ccloud. cIcing ccommon cabove cfreezing) and ccumulonimbus cclouds c(thunderstorms.cvery cdangerous, cextremec hail, cicing, cetc).cBases cat clow cto cmiddle cheights cand cextend cupwards cinto cthe chigh cloud ccategory.cNimbostratus cproduces ccontinuous crain, csnow cor cice.cBases ccom- cmonly caround c 1000 cAGL cwith cfog, cand cpoor cvis.
  5. Define cturbulence: c Any cirregularcorcdisturbed cflow cin cthe catmosphere cproducing cgusts cor ceddies.
  6. List cintensities cof cturbulence: c Light: cmonetarily ccauses cslight cerratic cchanges cin caltitude cor cattitude cor cslight crapid crhythmic cbumpeness cwithout cany cappreciable cchanges cin caltitude cor cattitude. Moderate:cSimilar cto clight cbut cof cgreater cintensity.cFood cservice cdifficult severe: clarge, cabrupt cchanges cin caltitude cor cattitude,and cvariations cin ci cairspeed.cAircraft cmay cbe cmomentarily cout cof ccontrol.cfood cservice cimp Extreme:caircraft cviolently ctossed caround cand cpractically cimpossible cto ccontrol.cMay ccause cstructural cdamage.
  7. list cturbulence cterminology cwith crespect cto ctime: c Occasional: cle intermittent: c1/3-2/
  1. recommended cprocedures cfor cflight cthrough cturbulence: c Establish cthrust cand cattitude csettings cfor cVa, cdo cnot cchase cairspeed. Trim cfor clevel cflight.cdo cnot cchange ctrim. proper cattitude cmust cbe cmaintained.cDo cnot cmake cabrupt ccontrol cinputs cto cavoid coverstressing caircraft. allow caltitude cto cvary cwith cextreme cgusts.
  2. turbulence cassociated cwith cthunderstorms:c Turbulence ccan cbe cencountered cseveral cthousand cfeet cabove cand c 20 cmiles claterally cfrom ca csevere cstorm. cSevere cturbulence cin cthe canvil c 15 - 30 cmiles cdownwind.
  3. describe cstructural cicing: c ice cthat cforms con cthe cexterior cof can caircraft.
  4. describe cthe crequirements cfor cstructural cicing: c 1:csupercooled cwater cdroplets 2:cfreecairctemperaturec(tempctakencoutsidecofcthecairplane)candcaircraftcsurfacecmust cbe cbelow cfreezing.
  5. Temperature crange cmost cconductive cto cicing:c Any ccloud cbelow c 0 cdegrees cC, cbut cabove c- 20 cdegrees cC. clear cicing cNormallycoccurs cbetweenc 0 cand c- 10 cC.ctough cto cbreak coff cand chardcto csee. cMost chazardous Rime cicing cnormally coccurs cbetween c- 10 cand c- 20 cdegrees cC.ceasy cto cbreak coff cand cvisible. mixed cicing cnormally coccurs cfrom c- 8 cto c- 15 cdegrees cC
  6. list chazards cof caircraft cicing: c disrupts csmooth cairflow cover cairfoils, cincreases cdrag cand cstall cspeed, cmore cfuel cconsumption, cthrust cand crange cdecrease, cincreased cweight. can calso cincrease cstress con caircraft cparts cdue cto cthe cdelicate cbalance. can calso cblock cpitot ctube ccausing cerroneous cindications.
  7. Cues cand csigns cof caircraft cicing: c If cyou cencounter cany ctype cof cfreezing crain cor cdrizzle, cbest cto cleave cthe carea. cues cinclude cerroneous cindications cof caltitude cand cairspeed, cice con cwindshield cor cwiper carms, cor cother cprotruding caircraft cparts, cdecreasing cairspeed cwith cconstant

power cand caltitude, cand cice cdetector cannunciation. on crotor, cserious cvibration, closs cof cefficiency cor ccontrol, cand creduced cRPMs.

  1. Procedures cto cavoid caircraft cicing: c 1.cDon't cfly cinto careas cof cknown cor cforecast cicing cconditions.
  2. Avoid cflying cin cclouds cwith ctemperatures cfrom c0° cC cto c-20° cC.
  3. Don't cfly cthrough crain cshowers cor cwet csnow cwith ctemperatures cnear cfreezing.
  4. Avoid clow cclouds cabove cmountain cridges cor ccrests.cExpect cthe cheaviest cicing cin cclouds caround c 5000 cfeet cabove cthe cmountaintops.
  5. Do cnot cmake csteep cturns cwith cice con cthe cairplane cdue cto cincreased cstall cspeeds.
  6. Avoid chigh cangles cof cattack cwhen cice chas cformed con cthe caircraft csince cthe caircraft cis ccloser cto cstall cspeed cin cthese cmaneuvers.
  7. Under cicing cconditions, cincreased cdrag cand cadditional cpower crequired cincreases cfuel cconsumption.
  8. Change caltitude cto ctemperatures cabove cfreezing cor ccolder cthan c-20° cC.cAn caltitude cchange calso cmay ctake cyou cout cof cclouds.
  9. In cfreezing crain, cclimb cto ctemperatures cabove cfreezing, csince cit cwill calways cbe cwarmer cat csome chigher caltitude.cDon't cdelay cyour cclimb csince cice ccan caccumulate cquickly. cIf cyou care cgoing cto cdescend, cyou cmust cknow cthe ctemperature cand cterrain cbelow.
  10. Do cnot cfly cparallel cto ca cfront cwhile cencountering cicing cconditions.
  11. Avoid cicing cconditions cas cmuch cas cpossible cin cthe cterminal cphase cof cflight cdue cto creduced cairspeeds.
  12. Expect cto cuse cmore cpower con cfinal capproach cwhen cexperiencing cstructural cicing.
  13. Always cremove cice cor cfrost cfrom cairfoils cbefore cattempting ctakeoff.
  14. procedures conce cicing cis cencountered: c Climb cto ccolder ctemperatures, cor cdescend cto cwarmer cair.cIf cflying cinto ca coccluded cfront, cmay cbe cbest cto cascend cinto cthe cwarm cair cpushed cup cby cthe ccold cfront.
  15. describe cthe ctypes cof cengine cicing: c Induction cicing c- cIn cflights cthrough cclouds cthat ccontain csuper-cooled cwater cdroplets, cair cintake cduct cicing cis csimilar cto cwing cicing.cHowever,cthe cductscmay cice cwhen cskies carecclearcand ctemperatures carecabove cfreezing.cThe creduced cpressure cthat cexists cat cthe cintake clowers cthe ctemperature cto cthe cpoint cthat ccondensation cand cor cdeposition ctake cplace, cresulting cin cthe cformation cof cice. Compressor cicing c- cIce cforming con ccompressor cinlet cscreens cand ccompressor cinlet cguidecvanes cwill crestrict cthe cflow cof cinlet cair,ceventually ccausing cengine cflameout.cThe creduction cin cairflow cis cnoticeable cthrough ca closs cof cthrust cand ca crapid crise cin cexhaust cgas ctemperature.cAs cthe cairflow cdecreases, cthe cfuel-air cratio cincreases, cwhich cin cturn

ating(down- ivity.

  1. Describe ctwo cmain ctypes cof cfog: c The ctwo cmain ctypes cof cfog care cradiation cfog cand cadvection cfog. Radiation cfog coccurs cdue cto cnocturnal ccooling, cusually con cclear cnights, cwhen cthe cEarth creleases crelatively clarge camounts cof cradiation cinto cthe catmosphere, ccooling cthe csurface. cIf cnocturnal ccooling creduces cthe cair ctemperature cto cthe cdew cpoint ctemperature, cfog cor clow cceiling cclouds cwill cdevelop cin cthe carea. Advection cfog coccurs cwhen cwarm, cmoist cair cmoves cover ca ccold csurface cand cthe cair cis ccooled cto cbelow cits cdew cpoint.cCommon cin ccoastal careas, cit cis coften creferred cto cas csea cfog cwhen cobserved cto ccome cfrom cthe csea.cFog cof cthis ctype cbecomes cthicker cand cdenser cas cthe cwind cspeed cincreases, cup cto cabout c 15 cknots.
  2. Describe chazards cassociated cwith cthunderstorms: c Strong cwind cgusts, csevere cturbulence, clightning, cheavy crain cshowers, csevere cicing, cpossibly chail, clightning cand celectrostatic cdischarge c(can ccause cdamage cto celectronics, caircraft cskin cperforations, cand ctemporary cblindness) cand ctornados.
  3. Thunderstorm cbasic crequirements cand cstages:c Moisture, cunstable cair, cand clifting caction. Cumulus c(updrafts), cmature(downdrafts cand cprecipitation) cand cdissip cdrafts).
  4. describe csigns cand chazards cassociated cwith cmicrobursts: c Visual ccues cin- cclude cvirga, clocalized cblowing cdust c(especially cin ccircular cpatterns), crain cshafts cwit crain cdiverging cfrom ccore, croll cclouds, cvivid clightning cor ctornado clike cact Biggest chazards care cwind cshear cin cthe ctakeoff, cgo caround cand capproach cphases cof cflight.
  5. Techniques cused cfor cavoiding cthunderstorms: c Fly caround, cover cor cunder. Around: cusually ccells care conly c 5 - 10 cmiles caround cand ccan ceasily cbe ccircumvented. Over cthe ctop:climited cby cheight cof ccloud, cgo c 1000 cft cover cthe ctop cfor cevery c 10 cknots cof cwind cto cavoid chail cbeing cthrown cfrom cthe ctop Under:c1/3 cthe cdistance cfrom cthe csurface cto cthe cbase cof cthe ccloud.cexpect cpoor cflight cconditions.
  6. procedure cfor cpenetratingca cthunderstorm: c 1.cSecure call cloose cobjects, ctighten cyour clap cbelt cand clock cyour cshoulder charness.cTurn ccockpit clights cup cto chighest cintensity.
  1. Turn con cpitot cheat.c(Also cturn con cengine canti-ice, cif cthe caircraft cis cso cequipped. cNeither cthe cT- 34 cnor cthe cT- 6 chas cengine canti-ice.)
  2. If cable,cplancyourccourse ctoctakecyoucthrough cthe cstormcin cminimumctime,cpenetrat- cing cbelow cthe cfreezing clevel cor cabove c-20° cC cto cavoid cthe cmost ccritical cicing careas.
  3. Establish cthe crecommended cturbulent cair cpenetration cspeed cand cdisengage cthe cautopilot cto cminimize ccontrol cinputs cthat ccould cincrease cstructural cstresses.
  4. Don't cchase cthe cairspeed cand cminimize cpower cchanges.cExpect csignificant cdevia- ctions cin cattitude cand caltitude. cKeep cyour ceyes con cyour cinstruments.
  5. Don't cturn cback conce cin cthe cthunderstorm.
  6. Flying cnear cthunderstorm cprocedures: c 1.cIf cat call cpossible, cavoid cthunder- cstorms.
  7. Do cnot cventure ccloser cthan c 20 cmiles cto cany cstorm ccloud cwith coverhanging canvils cbecause cof cthe cpossibility cof cencountering chail.
  8. Do cnot cattempt cto cfly cunder cthunderstorms cin cmountainous cregions ceven cif cthe carea con cthe cother cside cof cthe cmountains ccan cbe cseen.cWinds cthat care cstrong cenough cto cprovide cthe clifting caction cto cproduce cthe cthunderstorms ccan calso ccreate cextreme cturbulence cbetween cmountain cpeaks.
  9. If cat call cpossible, cavoid cflying cunder cthunderstorms cbecause cupdrafts cand cdown- cdrafts ccan cexceed cthe cperformance cof cthe caircraft.
  10. Do cnot ctake coff cor cland cif ca cthunderstorm cis capproaching.cSudden cwind cshifts cor cmicrobursts ccan ccause ccontrol cproblems.
  11. Docnotcflycintocaccloudcmassccontainingcscatteredcembeddedcthunderstormcwithout cairborne cradar. cRadar cis cnecessary cto c"see" cstorms cin cthe ccloud cmass. cScattered cthunderstorms ccan cbe ccircumnavigated cvisually cunless cthey care cembedded.
  12. To cavoid clightning cdo cnot cpenetrate ca cthunderstorm cor cfly cthrough cthe ccirrus canvil cof ca cwell- cdeveloped cor cdissipated cthunderstorm. cAircraft cshould calso cavoid cclouds cdownwind cof cthunderstorms.
  13. The cbrighter cand cmore cfrequent cthe clightning, cthe cmore csevere cthe cthunderstorm.
  14. Regard cany cthunderstorm cwith ctops c35,000 cfeet cor chigher cas csevere
  15. DEFINE cthe ctypes cof cvisibility: cFlight cvisibility, cprevailing, crunway cvisual crange,cverticalcvisibilitycandcslantcvisibility: c FlightcVisibility c-cThe caverage cforward chorizontal cdistance, cmeasured cin cstatute cmiles cfrom cthe ccockpit cof can caircraft cin cflight, cat cwhich ca cpilot ccan csee cand cidentify cprominent cunlighted cobjects cby cday cand cprominent clighted cobjects cat cnight. Prevailing cVisibility c- cThe cgreatest chorizontal cvisibility, cmeasured cin cstatute cmiles, cequaled cor cexceeded cthroughout cat cleast chalf cthe chorizon ccircle, cwhich cneed cnot cbe ccontinuous.

weather, hecvalidctime cathered cto urfacecanalysis cs, cpressure hey ccan chether ca cweathercfor Ice con cthe Embedded cthunderstorms Hail cgreater cthan cor cequal cto c3/4 cinch cin cdiameter

  1. Describe cthe cuse cof cSurface cAnalysis cCharts: c The cSurface cAnalysis cChart cdepicts cpressure ccenters, cfronts, cand cbarometric cpressure clines. The cinformation cdisplayed con cthe cSurface cAnalysis cChart cis cobserved cmeaning cthat cthe cchart crepresents cpast chistory, cand cis cnot ca cforecast.cT c(VT) cof cthe cchart cis cthe cobservation ctime cof cthe cinformation cthat cwas cg compile cthe cchart cand cis cgiven cin cCoordinated cUniversalcTime c(UTC) cat cthe ctop cright.
  2. Describe cthe cuse cof cweather cprognostic cchart: c Include clatest cs calong cwith cmultiple cforecasts cfor cup cto ca cweek.cForecasts cpredict cfront ccenters, cand cforecasted cweather cacross cthe ccountry.
  3. Describe cuse cof cMETARs cin cflight cplanning:c METARS care cused cto ccommu- cnicate cthe clatest cobserved cweather cto cmeteorologists cand caircrew cso ct determine cexisting cweather cat cthe cdestination cor can calternative cand cw cfield cis coperating cunder cIFR cor cVFR. cCan calso cbe cused cto ccheck cpast cdeteriorating cconditions.
  4. Interpret cweather cconditions cfrom ca cMETAR: c Always cgiven cin czulu, cand cman- cual cmetars care cstarted cno cearlier cthan c 15 cminutes cprior cto creport ctime, cand creported cbetween c 55 cand c 59 cminutes cpast cthe chour. Use cprevailing cvisibility, cbut cRVR cis calso creported cif cprevailing cvisibility cis c1SM corcless cand cor cRVR cfor cdesignate cinstrument crunway cis c 6000 cfeet cor cless.
  5. METAR ccurrent cweather ccodes cand cqualifiers: c Runway ccondition creporting cmay cbe cadded cto cthe cremarks. RSC cand cRCR: WRcWet crunway SLR cSlush con cthe crunway LSR cLoose csnow con cthe crunway cPSR cPacked csnow con cthe crunway cIR crunway RCRNR cBase cOperations cclose
  6. Describe cuse cof cTAFs cin cflight cplanning: c TAF cprovides cforecasted cweather, cand cwill caid cin cthe ctype cof cflight c(IFR cor cVFR), ctype cof capproach cyou crequire, cdetermine cif can calternate cairport cis crequired, cand cselection cof cthe cbest calternate cairport. Must cconsider cworst cweather cconditions cthat cfall cwithin cthe cperiod cof c 1 chour cprior cto cplanned cETA cand cup cto cbut cnot cincluding c 1 chour cafter cETA cfrom call clines
  7. Interpret cTAFS: c Visibility cis creported cin cmeters care crounded cdown cto cthe cnearest creportable cvalue.

ith ca c 5 CB=nimbuscclouds cWS= cwindshear Icing cgroup cbegins cwith ca c6, cnext cdigit cis ctype cof cicing, cnext cthree cis cthe cbase cheight cof cicing cstratum, clast cdigit cis cthickness Turbulence cgroups cbegin cwith ca c 5 cand cfollow cthe csame crules cas cicing. cQNH cindicates csea clevel cpressure cis cgiven Civilian cstations csometimes cforecast cprobable cweather Civilian cand cmilitary cdifferences:cSM cinstead cof cmeters, ccivilian cstations cinclude cdate cand ctime cgroup cof ctransmission, cmilitary cstations cinclude camendments cat cend cof cforecast, cand ccivilian cstations cinclude cprobability CAVOK:cclear cair, cvis cunlimited cused cinternationally.

  1. Icing cand cturbulence cDescriptors: c Turbulence cgroups cbegin cw
  2. Describe cuse cof cwinds caloft cforecast: c Winds caloft ccharts care cused cmainly cfor cselecting ccruising caltitude. cCruising caltitude cwith cthe cgreatest ctailwind cspeed cshould cbe cselected, cweather cand croute cpermitting. Factors cthat caffect cthis cselection:cIcing cand cminimum cfreezing clevel, cflight clevel cvisibil- city, cicing cand cminimum cfreezing clevel, cthunderstorms, cturbulence cand cprecipitation. an cindication cof c1733=winds cat c 170 cat c 33 cknots. all ctemps cabove c 24000 care cnegative.cThus c 251744 cabove c 24000 cindicates cwinds cat c 250 cat c 17 cknots cand c- 44 ccelsius. forcwindscabovec 100 cknots,csubtractc 500 cdegreescfromcthecnumbercandcthencaddc 100 cknots cto cthe cwinds. cex: c 7409 cwould cbe c 240 cat c 109 cknots. 99 cindicates cvariable cwind cdirection, cless cthan c 5 cknots cand cvariable cdirection c 9900 cis clisted.

f cflight cand

  1. Destination.
  2. Flight caltitude(s).
  3. ETD cand cETE. It cis crequired cthe cpilot cbe cfamiliar cwith call cweather crelated cto cthe croute co crelated cto ctheir cflight.