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Navigating the Landscape of Nursing Research: Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence B, Exams of Nursing

Joseph Chamberlain College Nursing

Navigating the Landscape of Nursing Research: Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence Based Practices. 100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate Success with Grade A+ Score. Latest Updated 2025/2026

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Navigating the Landscape of Nursing Research:

Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence-

Based Practices.

100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate

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Latest Updated 2025/2026

Sampling in research may be defined as:

a. insurance that each person has a chance of being included in the study.

b. establishment of criteria for eligibility to participate in a study.

c. identification of the population in which the researcher is interested.

d. selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population. - ansANS: D

Sampling involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with

which to conduct a study. Samples are expected to represent a population of people.

A researcher is interested in studying lifestyle management in patients with inflammatory

bowel disease. The researcher contacts the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America to

determine how to best access this patient population. Patients with inflammatory bowel

disease are an example of which of the following?

a. Accessible population

b. Element

c. Sample

d. Target population - ansANS: D

The target population is the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria.

Subjects who participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are described

as the:

a. accessible population.

b. element.

c. sample.

d. target population. - ansANS: C

A sample is that group of people who are representing the entire population and participating

in the study. Samples are expected to represent an entire population.

The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America referred the interested researcher to a local

chapter of the organization. The local chapter agreed to send out letters on behalf of the

researcher inviting potential subjects to contact the researcher if they are willing to participate

in a study. Potential subjects in this situation would be described as the:

a. accessible population.

b. element.

c. sample.

d. target population. - ansANS: A

An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher has

reasonable access.

The population from which the researcher selects the actual study sample is referred to as the:

a. accessible population.

b. scientific population.

c. target population.

d. theoretical population. - ansANS: A

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Sampling in research may be defined as: a. insurance that each person has a chance of being included in the study. b. establishment of criteria for eligibility to participate in a study. c. identification of the population in which the researcher is interested. d. selection of a subset of a population to represent the whole population. - ansANS: D Sampling involves selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to conduct a study. Samples are expected to represent a population of people. A researcher is interested in studying lifestyle management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The researcher contacts the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America to determine how to best access this patient population. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are an example of which of the following? a. Accessible population b. Element c. Sample d. Target population - ansANS: D The target population is the entire set of individuals who meet the sampling criteria. Subjects who participate in a study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease are described as the: a. accessible population. b. element. c. sample. d. target population. - ansANS: C A sample is that group of people who are representing the entire population and participating in the study. Samples are expected to represent an entire population. The Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America referred the interested researcher to a local chapter of the organization. The local chapter agreed to send out letters on behalf of the researcher inviting potential subjects to contact the researcher if they are willing to participate in a study. Potential subjects in this situation would be described as the: a. accessible population. b. element. c. sample. d. target population. - ansANS: A An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access. The population from which the researcher selects the actual study sample is referred to as the: a. accessible population. b. scientific population. c. target population. d. theoretical population. - ansANS: A

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An accessible population is the portion of the target population to which the researcher has reasonable access. The sample is obtained from the accessible population. In a study of liver transplant recipients, the researcher specifies that the subjects must be 18 years of age or older and the recipient of only one liver transplant. These criteria are an example of: a. demographic attributes. b. exclusion criteria. c. extraneous variables. d. inclusion criteria. - ansANS: D Inclusion criteria are those characteristics that the subject or element must possess to be part of the target population. The adequacy of a sample would be primarily based on which of the following criteria? a. Method chosen for sample selection b. Representativeness of the population c. Size of the total population d. Willingness of subjects to participate - ansANS: B A sample needs to be representative in terms of characteristics, such as age, gender, ethnicity, income, and education A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn is a: a. cluster sample. b. purposive sample. c. random sample. d. representative sample. - ansANS: D Representativeness means that the sample, accessible population, and target population are alike in as many ways as possible. Sample attrition would be reflected by the: a. average death rate of the population under study. b. inability to access identified members of a population. c. number of patients who die while participating in a study. d. number of patients who drop out of a study. - ansANS: D Sample attrition or mortality is the withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study The term "comparison group" in research refers to the group of patients in a: a. nonrandom sample who do not receive a treatment. b. nonrandom sample who receive a treatment. c. random sample who do not receive a treatment. d. random sample who receive a treatment. - ansANS: A If nonrandom methods are used for sample selection, the group not receiving a treatment is referred to as a comparison group.

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b. Ensures obtaining a larger sample at lower cost c. Internal validity is strengthened with this type of sampling d. Involves the selection of certain subjects from a convenience sample - ansANS: A With stratification, the researcher can use a smaller sample size and achieve the same degree of representativeness in relation to the stratified variable as a large sample acquired through simple random sampling. Cluster sampling is: a. a form of nonprobability sampling used in small surveys. b. also known as multistage sampling. c. unlikely to result in sampling errors. d. useful when the target population is found in a small geographical area. - ansANS: B Both terms, cluster sampling and multistage sampling, have the same meaning in sampling methods. A person is shopping in the mall and is approached by individuals who identify themselves as researchers for a local food chain. They ask the person to participate in their study by answering a few questions. As a subject for this survey, the person was selected by which method of sampling? a. Convenience sampling b. Purposive sampling c. Random sampling d. Systematic sampling - ansANS: A Findings of an intervention study with a convenience sample: a. are generalizable to a wider group of patients with related problems. b. are to be discounted because they are extremely biased. c. provide no useful information. d. should be replicated before being applied to a wider population. - ansANS: D Representativeness of the sample is a concern in convenience sampling, and generalizability is therefore limited. Which type of sampling will get the largest number of subjects in the shortest period of time? a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Network or snowball sampling d. Random sampling - ansANS: B Which of the following types of sampling is considered to be the weakest? a. Cluster b. Convenience c. Quota d. Systematic - ansANS: B Which of the following samples is least likely to be representative of the overall population?

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a. Convenience b. Quota c. Random d. Stratified random - ansANS: A An advantage of convenience sampling is: a. ease in obtaining subjects. b. increased internal validity and control. c. low risk of sampling bias. d. representativeness of sample is ensured. - ansANS: A Convenience samples are inexpensive, accessible, and usually require less time to acquire than other types of samples. Which of the following study types would require the largest sample size? a. Correlational b. Experimental c. Grounded theory d. Phenomenology - ansANS: A Descriptive studies and correlational studies often require very large samples. In these studies multiple variables may be examined, and extraneous variables are likely to affect subjects' responses to the variables under study. The sample size needed for a study increases when: a. the alpha level is increased from .01 to .05. b. the number of variables in the study increases. c. a one-tailed versus a two-tailed statistical test is used. d. the sensitivity of the instruments used is high. - ansANS: B As the number of variables under study increases, the sample size needed may increase. A researcher wants to obtain a sample of individuals who are HIV positive. Which of the following sampling methods would be the most effective way to obtain a sample? a. Accidental sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Network sampling d. Simple random sampling - ansANS: C Which of the following is true about network sampling? a. Eligibility criteria do not need to be defined carefully. b. Finding large numbers of subjects by this means is easy and economical. c. Sample representativeness is guaranteed by using this technique. d. Subjects who have knowledge of a situation, often sensitive or not socially acceptable, are identified by others in the same type of situation. - ansANS: D

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a. Selected four states b. Southeast c. Southeast who are actively working d. United States - ansANS: B This study used a cluster sampling technique that is one type of random sampling plan. In a study investigating nurses' attitudes toward taking care of respiratory disease patients who had a long history of smoking, the researcher randomly selected a sample from a list of all the registered nurses from a randomly selected list of four states in the Southeast. If the researcher also selected the sample by randomly selecting nurses who smoke and those who do not, what sampling technique is being used? a. Cluster b. Quota c. Stratified random d. Systematic - ansANS: C Stratified random sampling is used when certain characteristics of the group are identified and then proportionately included in the randomly chosen sample. Assuming the researcher first knew whether or not a nurse smoked, then this represents that sampling technique. Which of the following sets of terms represents an appropriate pairing of a probability sampling method and a corresponding nonprobability sampling one? a. Cluster sampling—snowball technique b. Simple random sampling—convenience sampling c. Stratified random sampling—quota sampling d. Theoretical sampling—quota sampling - ansANS: C Stratified random sampling and quota sampling both attempt to balance the sample in terms of known characteristics in the population. Which of the following is true about sample size? a. An adequate sample size is particularly important to detect differences when they do in fact exist. b. Evaluating the possibility of a Type I error will help determine sample size. c. Finding a significant difference in study groups occurs most often with smaller samples. d. Sample size is especially important to support significant findings. - ansANS: A Evaluating the adequacy of the sample size is very important when no differences have been found. Too small a sample can result in no difference being detected, even when there actually is one. A researcher reports on a study conducted to determine if a new educational program has helped dialysis patients become more compliant with their fluid restrictions. The findings indicated that there was no difference. The report did include that a power analysis was performed to determine if the sample size (n = 100) was adequate. The power level was .5. What should the reader conclude?

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a. A sample of 100 is certainly adequate in a clinical study. The researcher should adjust the educational program. b. Chances are high that a Type I error has occurred. c. Findings of no difference are not surprising; it is difficult to make an impact on this population of patients. d. There is a high likelihood that the sample size was not adequate, and the study should be replicated using more subjects. - ansANS: D A power level needs to reach .8 to be acceptable, and this one had only .5. There is a good chance that a Type II error occurred, and the study should be replicated. Apart from sample size, which of the following is typically not considered when determining the power of a study? a. Sensitivity of the instruments used b. Number of variables c. Skill of the researcher d. Data analysis techniques - ansANS: C The skill of the researcher does not affect the statistical power of a study. All other answers are correct. To detect a significant difference between two groups when the effect size is small, what should the researcher do? a. Conduct a pilot study. b. Obtain a different sample. c. Increase the sample size. d. Perform additional analysis. - ansANS: C Increasing the sample size makes it easier to detect a difference. Which of the following types of studies would need the largest sample size? a. Case studies b. Descriptive studies c. Experimental studies d. Quasi-experimental studies - ansANS: B Descriptive studies often require very large samples. Multiple variables may be examined, and extraneous variables are likely to affect subject response(s) to the variables under study. Why do qualitative researchers need to be as concerned with sample size as quantitative researchers do? Qualitative researchers: a. are reaching the objectives of their study in a similar way. b. need subjects who are able and willing to share their knowledge, oftentimes in repeated and more in-depth interviews than subjects in quantitative studies. c. need to gain a narrow focus rather than a broad perspective as their research purpose. d. will be analyzing the data with statistical techniques that require certain numbers of subjects. - ansANS: B

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In qualitative research, the researcher looks for data saturation, which is reached when no new information is being discovered from additional subjects. Which of the following factors do not influence saturation of data and therefore sample size in a qualitative study? a. Quality of the data b. Randomization of the sample c. Scope of the study d. Study design - ansANS: B Randomization of the data is a concern for quantitative research designs. All other choices are concerns for saturation of data in qualitative research. Which of the following research settings is not correctly paired with the type of setting? a. Clinical research unit—highly controlled setting b. Indoor playroom—natural setting c. Primary care clinic—partially controlled setting d. Subject's home—partially controlled setting - ansANS: D A subject's home would be a natural research setting, so it is paired incorrectly with "partially controlled setting." validate and refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice. - ansThe primary purpose of nursing research is to:

Description - ansA research study describing the benefits of ambulation following cesarean section would be an example of which type of research evidence?
Control - ansA research study validates the positive effect that a nursing intervention, patient journaling, has on decreasing spiritual distress during cancer recovery. This would be an example of which type of research evidence?

Consumer - ansA nurse who reads research articles and incorporates research findings into nursing practice would demonstrate which of the following research roles?
1. Consumer
2. Primary investigator
3. Collaborator
4. Producer
Data collection and analysis - ansFlorence Nightingale is most noted for which of the following contributions to nursing research?
Case study approach to research
Data collection and analysis
Framework and model development
Quasi-experimental study design

Communication of research findings - ansA major focus of nursing science during the 1970s was:
The conduct of clinical research and obtaining increased funding for nursing research. - ansOne major focus of nursing research during the 1980s was:

Formation of the National Institute for Nursing Research - ansWhich of the following historical events had a major impact on the funding for nursing research?

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Development of local, national, and international nursing research conferences by Sigma Theta Tau
Initiation of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research
Formation of the National Institute for Nursing Research
Development of a Nursing Research Council as part of the American Nurses Association

personal experience - ansBenner (1984) emphasizes the importance of acquiring clinical knowledge and expertise through:

reasoning from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients.(specific to the genereal) - ansAn example of inductive reasoning is:
reasoning from all chronically ill patients to a single chronically ill patient.
reasoning from a single diabetic patient to all diabetic patients.(specific to the genereal)
using a standard nursing care plan to care for a specific patient.
using a computerized nursing care plan to care for insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

Quantitative, qualitative, and outcome research methods - ansScientific knowledge is generated through:

balance each other by generating different types of nursing knowledge. - ansQuantitative and qualitative research approaches are particularly useful in nursing because they:
are easy to implement.
require few resources.
are both process oriented.
balance each other by generating different types of nursing knowledge.

The result of care or in determining the changes in health status of patient. - ansOutcomes research in health care is oriented toward establishing:
Outcomes research - ansWhat type of research has a major focus on examining the long- and short-term as well as the negative and positive results of care across a variety of settings?
Descriptive - ansA researcher is studying the relationship between age and involvement in social activities. This is what type of research?
Correlational - ansThe question "Is there a relationship between caffeine intake and intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma?" is an example of:

Quasi experimental - ansWhich of the following types of research involve at least some control by the researcher to implement the study treatment?
Correlational
Descriptive
Quasi experimental
Experimental
Experimental - ansIn which type of research is there high researcher control, random sampling, and laboratory setting?
Descriptive
Correlational
Quasi experimental
Experimental
Applied research - ansWhat category of research is suggested by the following research question?

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Design - ansThe plan in the problem-solving process is equivalent to which step in the research process?
Outcomes
Design
Implementation
Goal identification
Has a broader focus - ansThe research process differs from the nursing process on which of the following?
Identifies new information
Involves abstract, critical thinking
Has a broader focus
Utilizes complex thinking
Purpose - ansWhich of the following would identify the specific aim or goal of the study based on the identified problem?
Purpose
Literature review
Methodology
Assumptions

Area of concern in which there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. Research is conducted to generate essential knowledge to address the practice concern with the ultimate goal of providing evidence based practice. - ansA research problem is defined as a(n):

Subjects are able to identify a personal awareness of QOL. - ansResearch subjects in a study of quality of life (QOL) in liver transplant recipients were asked to complete a questionnaire about their experiences following transplantation. Which of the following would be a likely assumption the researcher made in relation to this study?
Subjects will complete every item on the questionnaire.
Subjects are able to identify a personal awareness of QOL.
All liver transplant recipients invited to participate in the study will complete a questionnaire.
QOL is an important issue to liver transplant recipients.
pilot study. - ansBefore implementing a large, multisite research investigation, a researcher conducts a smaller study of the planned study to identify any problematic areas. This smaller study is known as a(n):
abstract.
exploratory design.
pilot study.
proposal.

abstracts - ansThe researcher uses which portion of the research report to capture the reader's attention?
introduction - ansThe sentence "The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between health beliefs and breast self-examination" would most likely be found in which section of a research report?

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identifying the research problem. - ansThe initial and one of the most significant steps in conducting the research process is:
defining the research variables.
identifying the research problem.
stating the research purpose.
determining the feasibility of the study.
Population (and setting) - ansThe purpose statement should identify the study variable(s) and what other key aspect of the study?
Design
Measurement tools
Population (and setting)
Statistics
nursing practice. - ansOne important source for identification of a research problem would be:
nursing practice.
research textbook.
nursing code of ethics.
practice guidelines.
builds on previous research. - ansIn the literature report of a study on quality of life, the researcher describes two previous investigations suggesting that spirituality is related to quality of life. This information suggests the current study is significant because it:
influences theology.
builds on previous research.
challenges existing theory.
addresses multidisciplinary concerns.
Availability of subjects - ansFeasibility is determined by examining which of the following?
Researcher's credibility
Significance of research problem
Availability of subjects
Previous studies
Feasibility (ethical considerations part of feasibility) - ansIn a research proposal, the investigator notes that written permission has been obtained from three local hospitals to access patients for the proposed study. This is an example of what aspect of a study?
Reliability
Methodology
Ethics
Feasibility (ethical considerations part of feasibility)
predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study. - ansA research hypothesis:
predicts the expected results or outcomes of the study.
defines the theoretical framework for the study.
identifies the source of the problem under study.
clarifies the concepts used in the study.

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"Cancer patients who receive music therapy complain less frequently of pain and require less pain medication than cancer patients not receiving music therapy."

Relaxation therapy
Complaints of pain
Pain medication use
Music therapy
dependent variable. - ans"Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support."
"Request for analgesics" is the:
independent variable.
dependent variable.
attribute variable.
extraneous variable.
dependent variable. - ans"Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support." "Perception of pain" is the:
independent variable.
dependent variable.
attribute variable.
extraneous variable.
independent variable. - ans"Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support." "Type of support" is the:
independent variable.
dependent variable.
attribute variable.
extraneous variable.
complex, directional, research. - ans"Structured preoperative support is more effective in reducing surgical patients' perception of pain and request for analgesics than structured postoperative support." This hypothesis is:
simple, directional, research.
complex, nondirectional, null.
complex, directional, research.
simple, nondirectional, statistical.
Operational definition - ansThe statement below is an example of which of the following?

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"In this study, pain is reflected as a score between 0 and 10 on the Post-operative Pain Rating Scale."

Problem statement
Conceptual definition
Associative hypothesis
Operational definition
Literature review - ansIn which section of the research report might the problem statement be located?
Literature review
Methods
Results
Implications
Empirical literature - ansThe literature review section of a research report might include a summary of which of the following?
Empirical literature
Funding sources
Proposed methods and design
Description of study sample
A report of a study written by the researcher who did the study - ansWhich of the following represents a primary source?
The results of a computer search related to the primary topic of interest
A report of a study written by the researcher who did the study
A published summary of the relevant research in a primary care area
A thesaurus that identifies key words to use in a computer search
Depends on the type of study - ansAt what point is the literature review conducted in a qualitative investigation?
Prior to study implementation
During study implementation
After study completion (otherwise it will influence the researchers openness)
Depends on the type of study
Approaches used to investigate similar problems - ansWhich of the following types of information is consistently covered in a quantitative literature review?
Descriptions of effective clinical outcomes
Anecdotal opinions of expert researchers
Approaches used to investigate similar problems
Clinical impressions of related phenomena
delineate the existing knowledge base of an identified problem. - ansThe primary purpose for reviewing relevant literature is to:
select the research design.
delineate the existing knowledge base of an identified problem.
interpret previous research findings.
develop conceptual and operational definitions of variables.

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Development
Explanation
Prediction
Strategies for controlling outcomes
Theories are constructed by people and are tentative in nature. - ansWhich of the following is true about theoretical frameworks used in research?
Theories offer precise guidance in all situations.
Theories prove how concepts are related to one another.
Theories represent ultimate truth and are congruent with reality.
Theories are constructed by people and are tentative in nature.
not well-defined and general. - ans"Abstract" is defined in research as:
particular and realistic.
not well-defined and general.
well-defined and precise.
concrete and specific.
The framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other. - ansWhich of the following is true about the relationship between a study framework and the hypotheses?
The framework and hypotheses must be congruent with each other.
The hypotheses are not meant to be testable, but the framework is.
If the hypotheses are stated, the researcher does not need to have a framework.
Hypotheses are inductively identified within the stated framework.
often must be inferred by the reader from the text of the report. - ansThe framework and conceptual map for a study:
are always included in the study report.
are usually clearly identified in the report.
often must be inferred by the reader from the text of the report.
should be referred to only at the end of the study.
Variable - ansWhich of the following represents the most concrete term?
Variable
Concept
Framework
Construct
the meanings of terms may differ depending on the study framework. - ansConceptual definitions are important because:
the meanings of terms may differ depending on the study framework.
they tell others how the concept will be measured in the study.
they provide a dictionary definition that can be understood by everyone.
they suggest how to precisely measure the variables of interest.
may be implied. - ansIn the research report, a theoretical statement:
will always be clearly identified.
should only be discussed in the framework section.
may be implied.
can be omitted if variables are not yet well defined.

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Type of dressing ---------> skin changes - ansWhich relationship diagram below best represents the following hypothesis? "Conventional gauze dressings cause fewer skin changes in wound sites than do hydrocolloid or hydroactive dressings."
Gauze dressing ----------> skin changes
Type of dressing ---------> skin changes
Type of dressing <---------> wound site
Gauze dressing <--------- wound site
Pain perception and anxiety are positively related to one another. - ansWhich of the following responses best describes the relational statement that is diagrammed below? Pain perception <------- (+) --------> Anxiety
Increased perception of pain causes anxiety.
Anxiety causes increased pain perception.
Pain perception and anxiety are positively related to one another.
Pain perception and anxiety are inversely related. Many nurses in clinical settings base nursing interventions on information obtained from - anscolleagues Which section of a research article provides an overview of the study? - ansAbstract You are a new nurse working at XYZ hospital. Your preceptor tells you to dangle Ms. Jones' legs on the side of the bed before you attempt to assist her to a chair. You ask your preceptor why this is done and she answers, "This is what we have always done, so go do it." This is an example of which type of evidence? - ansTradition Trial and error is not a preferred approach for delivering nursing care because - ansit is not based on systematic scientific approaches. Which of the following is the best definition of evidence-based practice (EBP)? - ansUse of theory-derived, research-based information in making decisions about health care delivery, with consideration of individual needs and preferences and the clinical expertise of the provider. Which section of a research article provides an interpretation of the study's results? - ansDiscussion You are a new nurse working at XYZ hospital. Your preceptor tells you to dangle Ms. Jones' legs on the side of the bed before you attempt to assist her to a chair. You ask your preceptor why this is done and she answers, "Because I said so." This is an example of which type of evidence? - ansAuthority The ____________ section of a research article outlines the methods used to analyze the data and notes the findings - ansresults Which of the following is the best definition of research utilization - ansWhich of the following is the best definition of research utilization

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Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence-

Based Practices.

100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate

Success with Grade A+ Score.

Latest Updated 2025/

Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence-

Based Practices.

100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate

Success with Grade A+ Score.

Latest Updated 2025/

Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence-

Based Practices.

100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate

Success with Grade A+ Score.

Latest Updated 2025/

Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence-

Based Practices.

100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate

Success with Grade A+ Score.

Latest Updated 2025/

Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence-

Based Practices.

100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate

Success with Grade A+ Score.

Latest Updated 2025/

Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence-

Based Practices.

100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate

Success with Grade A+ Score.

Latest Updated 2025/

Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence-

Based Practices.

100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate

Success with Grade A+ Score.

Latest Updated 2025/

Your Ultimate Guide to Exploring Evidence-

Based Practices.

100% Certified Exam Study Guide for Ultimate

Success with Grade A+ Score.

Latest Updated 2025/