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Memory Terms: Storage, Retrieval, Recall, Recognition, and Processing, Quizzes of Psychology

Definitions for various terms related to memory, including storage, retrieval, recall, recognition, and information processing. Topics covered include sensory memory, short term memory, working memory, long term memory, and the role of the central executive, episodic buffer, and chunking in memory processing. The document also discusses issues with not chunking and the differences between short term and working memory.

Typology: Quizzes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 04/06/2013

dashonna
dashonna 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Memory is a system of cognition allowing us
to retain knowledge
DEFINITION 1
store things over time, and use it again
TERM 2
encoding
DEFINITION 2
encoding occurs by getting the information in, focusing in,
filtering outThings that we can pick up passivelytie into
notions of latent learning.
TERM 3
storage
DEFINITION 3
storage is a more complex function used to process and
store information for retrieval at a later time
TERM 4
retrieval
DEFINITION 4
the process of recovering stored information
TERM 5
recall
DEFINITION 5
when you recall you generate information from memory
alone, more neurons are required
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Download Memory Terms: Storage, Retrieval, Recall, Recognition, and Processing and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Memory is a system of cognition allowing us

to retain knowledge

store things over time, and use it again TERM 2

encoding

DEFINITION 2 encoding occurs by getting the information in, focusing in, filtering outThings that we can pick up passivelytie into notions of latent learning. TERM 3

storage

DEFINITION 3 storage is a more complex function used to process and store information for retrieval at a later time TERM 4

retrieval

DEFINITION 4 the process of recovering stored information TERM 5

recall

DEFINITION 5 when you recall you generate information from memory alone, more neurons are required

recognition

recognition is when get a list and remember ones you believe are correctobviously the easier task TERM 7

information processing

DEFINITION 7 information processing begins with attention, sensation, perception, and learning. TERM 8

tip of the tongue phenomenon or feeling of

knowing

DEFINITION 8 Tip of the tongue, you know its there, enough neurons saying i know this i know this , not enough neuronal activation to push it forward TERM 9

retrieval failure

DEFINITION 9 retrieval failure occurs when you are not able to pull things out of memory effectively TERM 10

Sensory memory

DEFINITION 10 Sensory memory is the very fist step of getting info stored, under a second.

long term memory retrieval

Things kept in long term memory are able to come back quicker TERM 17

Sperling study

DEFINITION 17 Did study to gauge sensory memory. Vastly increased ability to recall using tones TERM 18

increasing levels of processing

DEFINITION 18 You can increase levels of processing by using to modalities TERM 19

George Miller

DEFINITION 19 Ability to recall on average 7 numbers, some people went as high as 9 and some as low as 5, TERM 20

Miller's magical

number

DEFINITION 20 George Miller's magical number shows that there is a general limitation to what we can process 7+/-2.

Recent research on George Millers theory

New research suggests that instead of focusing on all the individual numbers you are chunking them into two or three parts. TERM 22

chunks

DEFINITION 22 We make chunks or meaningful pieces of information to increase our recall. TERM 23

chunking

DEFINITION 23 Chunking is grouping info into bigger blocks in a way that is meaningful TERM 24

rehearsal

DEFINITION 24 Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over TERM 25

working memory

DEFINITION 25 working memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of info simultaneously

short term vs working memory

short term = managing a single processworking = managing multiple processes at the same time TERM 32

baddeleys model

DEFINITION 32 Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch proposed a model of working memory in 1974, in an attempt to describe a more accurate model of short-term memory. TERM 33

phonological loop

DEFINITION 33 The phonological loop is the working memory component responsible for verbal and auditory informationmaintenance rehearsal: repeating a phone number while reaching for phone TERM 34

visuospatial sketchpad

DEFINITION 34 The visuospatial sketchpad holds visual and spatial informationex.. describing directions for someone TERM 35

spatial information

DEFINITION 35 Spatialdata is any data with a direct or indirect reference to a specific location or geographical area.

central executive

Executive functions is an umbrella term for cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes, such as planning, working memory, attention, problem solving, verbal reasoning, inhibition, mental flexibility, task switching, and initiation and monitoring of actions. TERM 37

central executive

DEFINITION 37 The central executive manages the work of the other components by directing attention to particular tasks.ex..visualizing the route in your head while giving someone directions TERM 38

How does the central executive work

DEFINITION 38 The central executive parcels out just the right amount of attention to allow you to do more than one task efficiently TERM 39

episodic buffer

DEFINITION 39 The episodic buffer provides a mechanism for combining information stored in long term memory with the active processing taking place in the working memory TERM 40

Chunking & episodic

buffer

DEFINITION 40 This component helps explain why chunking a string of letters is easier than remembering the letters as individual bits of information.

Moving info from short to long term memory

In most cases info moves from short to long term memory through rehearsalexample: you see your friends number several times as you text her, you have somehow memorized it with out trying to TERM 47

divisions of rehearsal

DEFINITION 47 rehearsal can be divided into maintenance or elaborative TERM 48

maintenance rehearsal

DEFINITION 48 Maintenance rehearsal means simple repetition of the material TERM 49

elaborative rehearsal

DEFINITION 49 Elaborative rehearsal involves linking the new material to things you already know. TERM 50

Example of elaborative rehearsal

DEFINITION 50 Elaborative rehearsal:In order to permanently commit the term to your memory, you look up what it means (it is a nerve cell), find out its purpose (transmit information from or to the central nervous system), look at a diagram and study its parts, and think about how it relates to things that you already know (like how different it its from other kinds of cells, assuming you are familiar with other cells).

example of maintenance

Maintenance rehearsal:When the operator gives the number, you say the number over and over so that you don't forget it in the time it takes to hang up and dial the number. TERM 52

levels of processing

DEFINITION 52 Levels of processing includes the shallow to deep depth of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval TERM 53

Apply meaning to information

DEFINITION 53 According to levels of processing theory, words encoded according to meaning would be easier to remember than words encoded according to their visual appearance TERM 54

encoding meaningfulness

DEFINITION 54 Encoding meaningfulness produces a deeper level of attention and processing. TERM 55

working vs long term memory retrieval

DEFINITION 55 long term = system of associations or cuesworking = item by item

acoustic code

acoustic codes represent sound and words.acoustic or echoic codes last longer than visualoccurs in sensory and short memory TERM 62

semantic code

DEFINITION 62 semantic codes represent the meaning of wordsoccur in short term memory TERM 63

declarative (explicit) memories

DEFINITION 63 Declarative memories are consciously retrieved and easy to verbalize.includes: semantic and episodicremembering your socialwriting an essay about how to use the scissors TERM 64

semantic memory

DEFINITION 64 Semantic memories contain your store of general knowledge in the form of word meanings and factsWhat is the capital of France TERM 65

episodic memory

DEFINITION 65 Episodic memories are personal accounts of past experiencesSpecific to events, objects and peopleWhere was I on 9/

increasing level of processing

You can increase the depth of processing and provide a stronger link by:visual appearancelanguage codegiving it meaningpersonal relevance TERM 67

non declarative (implicit)

memories

DEFINITION 67 implicit memories are difficult to verbalize and effortlessly retrieved.Includes memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming TERM 68

procedural memories

DEFINITION 68 procedural memories are used to carry out motor skills and proceduresshowing someone how to use the scissors TERM 69

Priming

DEFINITION 69 Priming or the change in our response to a stimulus due to pre-exposure to related stimuli. TERM 70

semantic memory

DEFINITION 70 Semantic memoriesdeclarative - explicitgeneral knowledgeorganized by categorysensory and motor cortex

what is a

schema

a schema is a set of expectations about objects and situations TERM 77

schemas and memory

DEFINITION 77 details that are consistent with our schemas are more likely to be retained, others more likely to be left out TERM 78

Details, memory,

schema

DEFINITION 78 Details may be added if they make the story more consistent or coherent.example: saying that the professor had books on his desk even if you cant recall, because its relative that there would be books in a professors office TERM 79

the "self"

DEFINITION 79 The self is one of the most important schemas we have for organizing our thinking. TERM 80

short term memory retrieval

DEFINITION 80 We search thru short term memory one item at a time rather that retrieving its contents all at once

cue

A cue is any stimulus that helps you access target information. TERM 82

type of recognition task

DEFINITION 82 true or falsematchingthe information you need is right in front of you, just need to make judgement about how well it matches whats in your memory TERM 83

type of recall tasks

DEFINITION 83 essay examsshort answerinformation must be retrieved from memory and then recognized as correct TERM 84

effective cues

DEFINITION 84 the most effective cues are those we generate ourselves TERM 85

encoding specificity

DEFINITION 85 Each memory is processed in a unique and specific way.Any stimulus that was present and noticed during the encoding process could serve as a cue

things that hinder ability to

recall

Stress, illness, time pressure, and distractions can temporarily reduce our ability to recall information TERM 92

suppressing memories

DEFINITION 92 by suppressing low priority memories we can avoid confusion and reduce the amount of work we have to do to recall higher priority memories TERM 93

mass vs distributed practice

DEFINITION 93 mass - crammingdistributed - spread out over timegives the brain more time to consolidate each memory, less likely to be lost to interference TERM 94

tests

DEFINITION 94 Tests taking produces long term memories, improves ability to think about learned materials with greater flexibility and to apply material to new situations TERM 95

sleep

DEFINITION 95 sleep plays an active role in memory consolidation, changes related to memories occur in brain during sleep are different from when awakereorganize existing memories to accommodate new info

N-REM sleep

declarative and procedural memories appear to be stronger after a period of N-REM sleep TERM 97

REM sleep

DEFINITION 97 REM sleep benefits the retention of highly emotional material TERM 98

reciting

DEFINITION 98 Reciting or verbalizing the material in your own wordsOtherwise you can think that you understand it but really don'tself referential TERM 99

Ebbinghaus - forgetting curve

DEFINITION 99 The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain them. TERM 100

Ebbinghaus -savings

DEFINITION 100 how information is stored in the subconscious even after it hasnt been retrieved for a long time