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Definitions for various terms related to memory, including storage, retrieval, recall, recognition, and information processing. Topics covered include sensory memory, short term memory, working memory, long term memory, and the role of the central executive, episodic buffer, and chunking in memory processing. The document also discusses issues with not chunking and the differences between short term and working memory.
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store things over time, and use it again TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 encoding occurs by getting the information in, focusing in, filtering outThings that we can pick up passivelytie into notions of latent learning. TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 storage is a more complex function used to process and store information for retrieval at a later time TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 the process of recovering stored information TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 when you recall you generate information from memory alone, more neurons are required
recognition is when get a list and remember ones you believe are correctobviously the easier task TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 information processing begins with attention, sensation, perception, and learning. TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 Tip of the tongue, you know its there, enough neurons saying i know this i know this , not enough neuronal activation to push it forward TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 retrieval failure occurs when you are not able to pull things out of memory effectively TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 Sensory memory is the very fist step of getting info stored, under a second.
Things kept in long term memory are able to come back quicker TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 Did study to gauge sensory memory. Vastly increased ability to recall using tones TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 You can increase levels of processing by using to modalities TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 Ability to recall on average 7 numbers, some people went as high as 9 and some as low as 5, TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 George Miller's magical number shows that there is a general limitation to what we can process 7+/-2.
New research suggests that instead of focusing on all the individual numbers you are chunking them into two or three parts. TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 We make chunks or meaningful pieces of information to increase our recall. TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 Chunking is grouping info into bigger blocks in a way that is meaningful TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 working memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of info simultaneously
short term = managing a single processworking = managing multiple processes at the same time TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch proposed a model of working memory in 1974, in an attempt to describe a more accurate model of short-term memory. TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 The phonological loop is the working memory component responsible for verbal and auditory informationmaintenance rehearsal: repeating a phone number while reaching for phone TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 The visuospatial sketchpad holds visual and spatial informationex.. describing directions for someone TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 Spatialdata is any data with a direct or indirect reference to a specific location or geographical area.
Executive functions is an umbrella term for cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes, such as planning, working memory, attention, problem solving, verbal reasoning, inhibition, mental flexibility, task switching, and initiation and monitoring of actions. TERM 37
DEFINITION 37 The central executive manages the work of the other components by directing attention to particular tasks.ex..visualizing the route in your head while giving someone directions TERM 38
DEFINITION 38 The central executive parcels out just the right amount of attention to allow you to do more than one task efficiently TERM 39
DEFINITION 39 The episodic buffer provides a mechanism for combining information stored in long term memory with the active processing taking place in the working memory TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 This component helps explain why chunking a string of letters is easier than remembering the letters as individual bits of information.
In most cases info moves from short to long term memory through rehearsalexample: you see your friends number several times as you text her, you have somehow memorized it with out trying to TERM 47
DEFINITION 47 rehearsal can be divided into maintenance or elaborative TERM 48
DEFINITION 48 Maintenance rehearsal means simple repetition of the material TERM 49
DEFINITION 49 Elaborative rehearsal involves linking the new material to things you already know. TERM 50
DEFINITION 50 Elaborative rehearsal:In order to permanently commit the term to your memory, you look up what it means (it is a nerve cell), find out its purpose (transmit information from or to the central nervous system), look at a diagram and study its parts, and think about how it relates to things that you already know (like how different it its from other kinds of cells, assuming you are familiar with other cells).
Maintenance rehearsal:When the operator gives the number, you say the number over and over so that you don't forget it in the time it takes to hang up and dial the number. TERM 52
DEFINITION 52 Levels of processing includes the shallow to deep depth of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval TERM 53
DEFINITION 53 According to levels of processing theory, words encoded according to meaning would be easier to remember than words encoded according to their visual appearance TERM 54
DEFINITION 54 Encoding meaningfulness produces a deeper level of attention and processing. TERM 55
DEFINITION 55 long term = system of associations or cuesworking = item by item
acoustic codes represent sound and words.acoustic or echoic codes last longer than visualoccurs in sensory and short memory TERM 62
DEFINITION 62 semantic codes represent the meaning of wordsoccur in short term memory TERM 63
DEFINITION 63 Declarative memories are consciously retrieved and easy to verbalize.includes: semantic and episodicremembering your socialwriting an essay about how to use the scissors TERM 64
DEFINITION 64 Semantic memories contain your store of general knowledge in the form of word meanings and factsWhat is the capital of France TERM 65
DEFINITION 65 Episodic memories are personal accounts of past experiencesSpecific to events, objects and peopleWhere was I on 9/
You can increase the depth of processing and provide a stronger link by:visual appearancelanguage codegiving it meaningpersonal relevance TERM 67
DEFINITION 67 implicit memories are difficult to verbalize and effortlessly retrieved.Includes memories for classical conditioning, procedural learning, and priming TERM 68
DEFINITION 68 procedural memories are used to carry out motor skills and proceduresshowing someone how to use the scissors TERM 69
DEFINITION 69 Priming or the change in our response to a stimulus due to pre-exposure to related stimuli. TERM 70
DEFINITION 70 Semantic memoriesdeclarative - explicitgeneral knowledgeorganized by categorysensory and motor cortex
a schema is a set of expectations about objects and situations TERM 77
DEFINITION 77 details that are consistent with our schemas are more likely to be retained, others more likely to be left out TERM 78
DEFINITION 78 Details may be added if they make the story more consistent or coherent.example: saying that the professor had books on his desk even if you cant recall, because its relative that there would be books in a professors office TERM 79
DEFINITION 79 The self is one of the most important schemas we have for organizing our thinking. TERM 80
DEFINITION 80 We search thru short term memory one item at a time rather that retrieving its contents all at once
A cue is any stimulus that helps you access target information. TERM 82
DEFINITION 82 true or falsematchingthe information you need is right in front of you, just need to make judgement about how well it matches whats in your memory TERM 83
DEFINITION 83 essay examsshort answerinformation must be retrieved from memory and then recognized as correct TERM 84
DEFINITION 84 the most effective cues are those we generate ourselves TERM 85
DEFINITION 85 Each memory is processed in a unique and specific way.Any stimulus that was present and noticed during the encoding process could serve as a cue
Stress, illness, time pressure, and distractions can temporarily reduce our ability to recall information TERM 92
DEFINITION 92 by suppressing low priority memories we can avoid confusion and reduce the amount of work we have to do to recall higher priority memories TERM 93
DEFINITION 93 mass - crammingdistributed - spread out over timegives the brain more time to consolidate each memory, less likely to be lost to interference TERM 94
DEFINITION 94 Tests taking produces long term memories, improves ability to think about learned materials with greater flexibility and to apply material to new situations TERM 95
DEFINITION 95 sleep plays an active role in memory consolidation, changes related to memories occur in brain during sleep are different from when awakereorganize existing memories to accommodate new info
declarative and procedural memories appear to be stronger after a period of N-REM sleep TERM 97
DEFINITION 97 REM sleep benefits the retention of highly emotional material TERM 98
DEFINITION 98 Reciting or verbalizing the material in your own wordsOtherwise you can think that you understand it but really don'tself referential TERM 99
DEFINITION 99 The forgetting curve hypothesizes the decline of memory retention in time. This curve shows how information is lost over time when there is no attempt to retain them. TERM 100
DEFINITION 100 how information is stored in the subconscious even after it hasnt been retrieved for a long time