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Medical coding 1 Final Exam with precise detailed solutions
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The |! phrase |! "Principal |! diagnosis" |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔applies |! only |! to |! the |! inpatient |! settings The |! phrase |! "First-listed |! diagnosis" |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔applies |! only |! to |! outpatient |! settings Parentheses |! ( |! ) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Nonessential |! modifiers |! that |! describe |! the |! default |! variations |! of |! a |! term. |! The |! words |! are |! not |! required |! to |! appear |! in |! physician |! documentation |! in |! order |! to |! use |! the |! code. Colon |! : |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Appears |! after |! an |! incomplete |! term |! that |! requires |! one |! or |! more |! modifiers |! following |! the |! colon |! to |! be |! classified |! to |! that |! code |! or |! category. Square |! brackets |! [ |! ] |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tabular: |! Synonyms, |! alternative |! wording, |! explanatory |! phrases. Indicates |! sequencing |! on |! etiology/manifestation |! codes |! or |! other |! paired |! codes. |! The |! code |! in |! square |! brackets |! [ |! ] |! should |! be |! sequenced |! second. And |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔and/or
Boldface |! (heavy |! type |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tabular: |! Code |! titles. Index: |! Main |! terms. Code |! Also |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tabular: |! More |! than |! one |! code |! may |! be |! required |! to |! fully |! describe |! the |! condition. Code |! First/Use |! Additional |! Code |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tabular: |! Provides |! sequencing |! instructions |! for |! conditions |! that |! have |! both |! an |! underlying |! etiology |! and |! multiple |! body |! system |! manifestations |! and |! certain |! other |! codes |! that |! have |! sequencing |! requirements. Includes |! notes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tabular: |! Begin |! with |! the |! word |! "Includes" |! and |! further |! define, |! clarify, |! or |! give |! examples Inclusion |! terms |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tabular: |! A |! list |! of |! synonyms |! or |! conditions |! included |! within |! a |! classification. Italics |! (slanted |! type) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tabular: |! Exclusion |! notes, |! manifestation |! codes. NEC |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tabular |! and |! Index: |! Not |! Elsewhere |! Classifiable. |! The |! health |! record |! contains |! additional |! details |! about |! the |! condition, |! but |! there |! is |! not |! a |! more |! specific |! code |! available |! to |! use.
X |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔tabular: |! An |! "X" |! placeholder |! is |! used |! in |! codes |! with |! less |! than |! six |! characters |! that |! require |! a |! seventh |! character |! extension. |! The |! "X" |! itself |! has |! no |! meaning |! and |! is |! not |! replaced |! with |! an |! actual |! number |! or |! letter. |! In |! some |! codes, |! the |! "X" |! is |! used |! to |! reserve |! room |! for |! future |! expansion. short |! Dash |! (-) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tabular |! and |! Index: |! Additional |! characters |! should |! be |! assigned |! in |! place |! of |! the |! short |! dash |! (-). |! The |! additional |! characters |! may |! be |! numbers |! or |! letters. with/without |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Tabular: |! Within |! a |! set |! of |! alternative |! codes, |! describe |! options |! for |! final |! character Use |! Additional |! Characters |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! symbol |! in |! front |! of |! a |! code; |! or a |! short |! dash |! (-) |! at |! the |! end |! of |! a |! code |! number. When |! coders |! see |! one |! of |! these |! conventions, |! it |! means |! a |! subcategory |! needs |! additional |! characters |! and |! the |! coder |! should |! look |! down |! to |! the |! next |! level |! for |! more |! specificity. |! In |! ICD-10-CM |! the |! additional |! values |! for |! characters |! 4 |! through |! 6 |! are |! listed |! below |! the |! category. |! Many |! publishing |! companies |! print |! the |! ICD-10-CM |! coding |! manual |! and |! each |! company |! may |! use |! different |! symbols |! to |! alert |! coders |! to |! the |! need |! for |! additional |! characters. |! In |! your |! code |! manual, |! symbols |! used |! are |! ✓4, |! ✓5, |! ✓6, |! or |! ✓7. Laterality |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔For |! conditions |! that |! affect |! bilateral |! sites, |! such |! as |! eyes, |! ears, |! arms, |! and |! legs, |! the |! fifth |! or |! sixth |! character |! indicates |! whether |!
the |! condition |! affects |! the |! left |! or |! right |! side. |! Approximately |! 28% |! of |! ICD-10- CM |! codes |! include |! a |! designation |! for |! laterality. |! A |! limited |! number |! of |! these |! codes |! also |! provide |! an |! option |! for |! bilateral, |! both |! sides |! affected. |! If |! there |! is |! no |! designation |! for |! bilateral, |! assign |! separate |! codes |! for |! the |! right |! side |! and |! the |! left |! side. |! If |! laterality |! is |! unspecified, |! assign |! the |! code |! for |! unspecified |! side. Excludes |! Notes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! ICD-10-CM |! has |! two |! types |! of |! excludes |! notes. |! Each |! type |! of |! note |! has |! a |! different |! definition |! for |! use |! but |! they |! are |! all |! similar |! in |! that |! they |! indicate |! that |! codes |! excluded |! from |! each |! other |! are |! independent |! of |! each |! other. An |! exception |! to |! the |! Excludes1 |! definition |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔is |! the |! circumstance |! when |! the |! two |! conditions |! are |! unrelated |! to |! each |! other. |! If |! it |! is |! not |! clear |! whether |! the |! two |! conditions |! involving |! an |! Excludes1 |! note |! are |! related |! or |! not, |! query |! the |! provider. Conditions |! that |! are |! an |! integral |! part |! of |! a |! disease |! process |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Signs |! and |! symptoms |! that |! are |! associated |! routinely |! with |! a |! disease |! process |! should |! not |! be |! assigned |! as |! additional |! codes, |! unless |! otherwise |! instructed |! by |! the |! classification. Combination |! Code |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔is |! a |! single |! code |! used |! to |! classify: Two |! diagnoses, |! or |! A |! diagnosis |! with |! an |! associated |! secondary |! process |! (manifestation) |! A |! diagnosis |! with |! an |! associated |! complication |! Combination |! codes |! are |! identified |! by |! referring |! to |! subterm |! entries |! in |! the Alphabetic |! Index |! and |! by |! reading |! the |! inclusion |! and |! exclusion |! notes |! in |! the |! Tabular |! List. |! Assign |! only |! the |! combination |! code |! when |! that |! code |! fully |! identifies |! the |! diagnostic |! conditions |! involved |! or |! when |! the |! Alphabetic |! Index |! so |! directs. |! Multiple |! coding |! should |! not |! be |! used |! when |! the |! classification |!
Use |! of |! Z |! codes |! in |! any |! healthcare |! setting |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Z |! codes |! are |! for |! use |! in |! any |! healthcare |! setting. |! Z |! codes |! may |! be |! used |! as |! either |! a |! first-listed |! (principal |! diagnosis |! code |! in |! the |! inpatient |! setting) |! or |! secondary |! code, |! depending |! on |! the |! circumstances |! of |! the |! encounter. |! Certain |! Z |! codes |! may |! only |! be |! used |! as |! first-listed |! or |! principal |! diagnosis. CM |! codes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔can |! be |! used |! in |! any |! setting PCS |! codes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔in |! patient |! procedure |! codes PCS |! codes |! have |! a |! logical, |! consistent |! structure |! that |! contains |! seven |! (7) |! alphanumeric |! positions, |! called |! characters |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔, |! consisting |! of |! the |! ten |! digits |! (0 |! - |! 9) |! and |! 24 |! letters |! (A |! - |! H, |! J |! - |! N, |! and |! P |! - |! Z). the |! first |! character |! of |! an |! ICD-10-CM |! code |! is |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔always |! a |! letter all |! the |! letters |! are |! utilized |! in |! ICD-10-CM |! excpet |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! letter |! U. |! It |! has |! been |! reserved |! by |! WHO |! for |! new |! diseases |! of |! uncertain |! etiology |! (U00-U49) |! and |! for |! bacterial |! agents |! resistant |! to |! antibiotics |! (U80- U89) |! none |! of |! those |! codes |! are |! valid |! for |! use |! in |! the |! US External |! cause |! code |! used |! for |! length |! of |! treatment |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Assign |! the |! external |! cause |! code, |! with |! the |! appropriate |! 7th |! character |! (initial |! encounter, |! subsequent |! encounter |! or |! sequela) |! for |! each |! encounter |! for |! which |! the |! injury |! or |! condition |! is |! being
treated. true |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔More |! than |! one |! external |! cause |! code |! is |! required |! to |! fully |! describe |! the |! external |! cause |! of |! an |! illness |! or |! injury. external |! cause |! codes |! should |! be |! sequenced |! in |! the |! following |! priority: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔If |! two |! or |! more |! events |! cause |! separate |! injuries, |! an |! external |! cause |! code |! should |! be |! assigned |! for |! each |! cause. |! The |! first-listed |! external |! cause |! code will |! be |! selected |! in |! the |! following |! order: External |! codes |! for |! child |! and |! adult |! abuse |! take |! priority |! over |! all |! other |! external |! cause |! codes. External |! cause |! codes |! for |! terrorism |! events |! take |! priority |! over |! all |! other |! external |! cause |! codes |! except |! child |! and |! adult |! abuse. External |! cause |! codes |! for |! cataclysmic |! events |! take |! priority |! over |! all |! other |! external |! cause |! codes |! except |! child |! and |! adult |! abuse |! and |! terrorism. External |! cause |! codes |! for |! transport |! accidents |! take |! priority |! over |! all |! other |! external |! cause |! codes |! except |! cataclysmic |! events, |! child |! and |! adult |! abuse and |! terrorism. Activity |! and |! external |! cause |! status |! codes |! are |! assigned |! following |! all |! causal |! (intent) |! external |! cause |! codes. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! first-listed |! external |! cause |! code |! should |! correspond |! to |! the |! cause |! of |! the |! most |! serious |! diagnosis |! due |! to |! an |! assault, |! accident, |! or |! self-harm, |! following |! the |! order |! of |! hierarchy |! listed |! above.
with, |! associated, |! or |! similar |! terminology. |! The |! word |! and |! does |! not |! indicate |! a |! relationship. Severe |! Sepsis |! Present |! at |! Admission |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! severe |! sepsis |! meets |! the |! requirements |! of |! principal |! diagnosis, |! assign |! and |! sequence |! as |! follows: Assign |! a |! code |! for |! the |! underlying |! systemic |! infection |! or |! assign |! A41.9 |! Sepsis, |! unspecified |! if |! the |! infection |! is |! not |! specified. Assign |! either |! R65.20 |! Severe |! sepsis |! without |! septic |! shock |! or |! R65.21 |! Severe |! sepsis |! with |! septic |! shock, |! as |! appropriate. Assign |! code(s) |! for |! acute |! organ |! dysfunction. Septic |! Shock |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Septic |! shock, |! by |! definition, |! includes |! severe |! sepsis. |! Therefore, |! whenever |! septic |! shock |! is |! documented, |! assign |! a |! code |! for |! the |! systemic |! infection |! and |! also |! code |! R65.21 |! Severe |! sepsis |! with |! septic |! shock. Septic |! Shock |! Present |! at |! Admission |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! septic |! shock |! meets |! the |! requirements |! of |! principal |! diagnosis, |! assign |! and |! sequence |! codes |! as |! follows: Assign |! a |! code |! for |! the |! underlying |! systemic |! infection |! or |! assign |! A41.9 |! Sepsis, |! unspecified |! if |! the |! infection |! is |! not |! specified.
Assign |! code |! R65.21 |! Severe |! sepsis |! with |! septic |! shock. Assign |! code(s) |! for |! acute |! organ |! dysfunction, |! when |! applicable. Septic |! Shock |! That |! Develops |! after |! Admission |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! septic |! shock |! develops |! after |! admission, |! assign |! and |! sequence |! codes |! as |! follows: Assign |! code(s) |! for |! the |! condition(s) |! that |! meet |! the |! requirements |! of |! principal |! diagnosis. Assign |! a |! code |! for |! the |! underlying |! systemic |! infection |! or |! assign |! A41.9 |! Sepsis, |! unspecified |! if |! the |! infection |! is |! not |! specified. Assign |! code |! R65.21 |! Severe |! sepsis |! with |! septic |! shock. Assign |! code(s) |! for |! acute |! organ |! dysfunction, |! when |! applicable. Severe |! Sepsis |! That |! Develops |! after |! Admission |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! severe |! sepsis |! develops |! after |! admission, |! assign |! and |! sequence |! as |! follows: Assign |! code(s) |! for |! the |! condition(s) |! that |! meet |! the |! requirements |! of |! principal |! diagnosis. Assign |! a |! code |! for |! the |! underlying |! systemic |! infection |! or |! assign |! A41.9 |! Sepsis, |! unspecified |! if |! the |! infection |! is |! not |! specified.
Patients |! with |! inconclusive |! HIV |! serology, |! but |! no definitive |! diagnosis |! or |! manifestations |! of |! the |! illness, |! may be |! assigned |! code |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔R75, |! Inconclusive |! laboratory |! evidence of |! human |! immunodeficiency |! virus |! [HIV]. Patients |! with |! any |! known |! prior |! diagnosis |! of |! an HIV-related |! illness |! should |! be |! coded |! to |! B20 |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Once |! a |! patient |! has |! developed |! an |! HIV-related |! illness, |! the |! patient |! should |! always |! be |! assigned |! code |! B20 |! on |! every |! subsequent |! admission/encounter. |! Patients |! previously |! diagnosed |! with |! any |! HIV |! illness |! (B20) |! should |! never |! be |! assigned |! to |! R75 |! or |! Z21, |! Asymptomatic |! human |! immunodeficiency |! virus |! [HIV] |! infection |! status. During |! pregnancy, |! childbirth |! or |! the |! puerperium, |! a patient |! admitted |! (or |! presenting |! for |! a |! health |! care encounter) |! because |! of |! an |! HIV-related |! illness |! should |! receive |! a |! principal |! diagnosis |! code |! of |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔O98.7-, |! Human |! immunodeficiency |! [HIV] |! disease |! complicating |! pregnancy, |! childbirth |! and |! the |! puerperium, |! followed |! by |! B20 |! and |! the |! code(s) |! for |! the |! HIV-related |! illness(es). Codes |! from |! Chapter |! 15 |! always |! take |! sequencing |! priority. |! Patients |! with |! asymptomatic |! HIV |! infection |! status |! admitted |! (or |! presenting |! for |! a |! health |! care |! encounter) |! during |! pregnancy, |! childbirth, |! or |! the |! puerperium |! should |! receive |! codes |! of |! O98.7- |! and |! Z21.
Encounters |! for |! testing |! for |! HIV |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔If |! a |! patient |! is |! being |! seen |! to |! determine |! his/her |! HIV |! status, |! use |! code |! Z11.4, |! Encounter |! for |! screening |! for |! humanimmunodeficiency |! virus |! [HIV]. |! Use |! additional |! codes |! for |! any |! associated |! high |! risk |! behavior. |! If |! a |! patient |! with |! signs |! or |! symptoms |! is |! being |! seen |! for |! HIV |! testing, |! code |! the |! signs |! and |! symptoms. |! An |! additional |! counseling |! code |! Z71.7, |! Human |! immunodeficiency |! virus |! [HIV] |! counseling, |! may |! be |! usedif |! counseling |! is |! provided |! during |! the |! encounter |! for |! the |! test. When |! a |! patient |! returns |! to |! be |! informed |! of |! his/her |! HIV |! test |! results |! and |! the |! test |! result |! is |! negative, |! use |! code |! Z71.7, |! Human |! immunodeficiency |! virus |! [HIV] counseling. Psychoactive |! Substance |! Use |! Disorders |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! codes |! for |! psychoactive |! substance |! use |! disorders |! (F10.9-, |! F11.9-, |! F12.9-, |! F13.9-, |! F14.9-, F15.9-, |! F16.9-) |! should |! only |! be |! assigned |! based |! on |! provider |! documentation |! and |! when |! they |! meet |! the |! definition |! of |! a |! reportable |! diagnosis |! (see |! Section |! III, |! Reporting |! Additional |! Diagnoses). |! The |! codes |! are |! to |! be |! used |! only |! when |! the |! psychoactive |! substance |! use |! is |! associated |! with |! a |! physical, |! mental |! or |! behavioral |! disorder, |! and |! such |! a |! relationship |! is documented |! by |! the |! provider. The |! appropriate |! codes |! for |! "in |! remission" |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔are |! assigned |! only |! on |! the |! basis |! of |! provider |! documentation |! (as |! defined |! in |! the |! Official |! Guidelines |! for |! Coding |! and |! Reporting), unless |! otherwise |! instructed |! by |! the |! classification. Mild |! substance |! use |! disorders |! in |! early |! or |! sustained |! remission |! are |! classified |! to |! the |! appropriate |! codes |! for |! substance |! abuse |! in |! remission, |! and |! moderate |! or |!
failure, |! to |! identify |! the |! type(s) |! of |! heart |! failure |! in |! those |! patients |! with |! heart |! failure. The |! same |! heart |! conditions |! (I50.-, |! I51.4-I51.9) |! with |! hypertension |! are |! coded |! separately |! if |! the |! provider |! has |! specifically |! documented |! a |! different |! cause. |! Sequence |! according |! to |! the |! circumstances |! of the |! admission/encounter. Assign |! codes |! from |! category |! I12, |! Hypertensive |! chronic |! kidney |! disease, |! when |!
kidney |! disease. |! The |! Includes |! note |! at |! I13 |! specifies |! that |! the |! conditions |! included |! at |! I11 |! and |! I12 |! are |! included |! together |! in |! I13. |! If |! a |! patient |! has hypertension, |! heart |! disease |! and |! chronic |! kidney |! disease, |! then |! a |! code |! from |! I13 |! should |! be |! used, |! not |! individual |! codes |! for |! hypertension, |! heart |! disease |! and |! chronic |! kidney |! disease, |! or |! codes from |! I11 |! or |! I12. |! For |! patients |! with |! both |! acute |! renal |! failure |! and |! chronic |! kidney |! disease, |! an |! additional |! code |! for |! acute |! renal |! failure |! is |! required. closed |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! fracture |! not |! indicated |! as |! open |! or |! closed |! should |! be |! coded |! to displaced |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! fracture |! not |! indicated |! whether |! displaced |! or |! not |! displaced |! should |! be |! coded |! to Traumatic |! fractures |! are |! coded |! using |! the |! appropriate |! 7th |! character |! for |! initial |! encounter |! (A, |! B, |! C) |! for |! each |! encounter |! where |! the |! patient |! is |! receiving |! active |! treatment |! for |! the |! fracture. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! appropriate |! 7th |! character |! for |! initial |! encounter |! should |! also |! be |! assigned |! for |! a |! patient |! who |! delayed |! seeking |! treatment |! for |! the |! fracture |! or |! nonunion. Care |! of |! complications |! of |! fractures, |! such |! as |! malunion |! and nonunion, |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔should |! be |! reported |! with |! the |! appropriate |! 7th |! character |! for |! subsequent |! care |! with |! nonunion |! (K, |! M, |! N,) |! or |! subsequent |! care |! with |! malunion |! (P, |! Q, |! R). The |! open |! fracture |! designations |! in |! the |! assignment |! of |! the |! 7th character |! for |! fractures |! of |! the |! forearm, |! femur |! and |! lower |! leg,
c. |! When |! a |! patient |! is |! admitted |! for |! burn |! injuries |! and |! other |! related |! conditions |! such |! as |! smoke |! inhalation |! and/or |! respiratory |! failure, |! the |! circumstances |! of |! admission |! govern |! the |! selection |! of |! the |! principal |! or |! first- listed |! diagnosis. Classify |! burns |! of |! the |! same |! local |! site |! but |! of |! different |! degrees |! to |! the |! subcategory |! identifying |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! highest |! degree |! recorded |! in |! the |! diagnosis. Non-healing |! burns |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Non-healing |! burns |! are |! coded |! as |! acute |! burns. Necrosis |! of |! burned |! skin |! should |! be |! coded |! as |! a |! non-healed |! burn Infected |! Burn |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔For |! any |! documented |! infected |! burn |! site, |! use |! an |! additional |! code |! for |! the |! infection Assign |! separate |! codes |! for |! each |! burn |! site |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔When |! coding |! burns, |! assign |! separate |! codes |! for |! each |! burn |! site. |! Category |! T30, |! Burn |! and |! corrosion, |! body |! region |! unspecified |! is |! extremely |! vague |! and |! should |! rarely |! be |! used. An |! external |! cause |! code |! should |! be |! used |! with |! burns |! and corrosions |! to |! identify |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔the |! source |! and |! intent |! of |! the |! burn, |! as |! well as |! the |! place |! where |! it |! occurred.
When |! a |! harmful |! substance |! is |! ingested |! or |! comes |! in contact |! with |! a |! person, |! this |! is |! classified |! as |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔a |! toxic |! effect. |! The |! toxic |! effect |! codes |! are |! in |! categories |! T51-T65. |! Toxic |! effect |! codes |! have |! an |! associated |! intent: |! accidental, |! intentional |! self-harm, |! assault |! and |! undetermined. Underdosing |! refers |! to |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔taking |! less |! of |! a |! medication |! than |! is prescribed |! by |! a |! provider |! or |! a |! manufacturer's |! instruction. |! For |! underdosing, |! assign |! the |! code |! from |! categories |! T36- |! T50 |! (fifth |! or |! sixth |! character |! "6"). Codes |! for |! underdosing |! should |! never |! be |! assigned |! as |! principal |! or |! first-listed |! codes. |! If |! a |! patient |! has |! a |! relapseor |! exacerbation |! of |! the |! medical |! condition |! for |! which |! thedrug |! is |! prescribed |! because |! of |! the |! reduction |! in |! dose, |! thenthe |! medical |! condition |! itself |! should |! be |! coded. Noncompliance |! (Z91.12-, |! Z91.13-) |! or |! complication |! of care |! (Y63.6-Y63.9) |! codes |! are |! to |! be |! used |! with |! an underdosing |! code |! to |! indicate |! intent, |! if |! known. When |! coding |! an |! adverse |! effect |! of |! a |! drug |! that |! has |! been correctly |! prescribed |! and |! properly |! administered, |! assign the |! appropriate |! code |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔for |! the |! nature |! of |! the |! adverse |! effect followed |! by |! the |! appropriate |! code |! for |! the |! adverse |! effect |! of |! the |! drug |! (T36- T50). |! The |! code |! for |! the |! drug |! should |! have |! a |! 5th |! or |! 6th |! character |! "5" |! (for |! example |! T36.0X5-) |! Examples |! of |! the |! nature |! of |! an |! adverse |! effect |! are |! tachycardia, |! delirium, |! gastrointestinal |! hemorrhaging, |! vomiting, |! hypokalemia, |! hepatitis, |! renal |! failure, |! or |! respiratory |! failure. When |! coding |! a |! poisoning |! or |! reaction |! to |! the |! improper |! use