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MDARD MICHIGAN CORE PESTICIDE APPLICATOR EXAM 2025/2026 |400+ WELL
CURATED RATIONALES |CURRENTLY TESTING WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Using barriers to prevent pests from getting into an area is an example of which type of pesticide management method? Mechanical Making use of plant varieties that are naturally resistant to insect feeding is an example of which type of pest management method? Genetic A pesticide that is synthetic cannot be organic. (True or False?) False Pesticide selectivity can be influenced by: a. The pesticide's chemistry. b. The age of the target pest. c. Its placement and timing of application. d. All of the above. d. All of the above. It is less likely that a pest will develop resistance to a pesticide if products with different modes of action are used to manage it. (True or False?)
True What types of factors should you consider when you have a choice of formulations for a pest management task? Think about the characteristics of each formulation and consider which of the formulation's advantages and disadvantages are important in your application situation. Also, consider if you have the right application equipment, if the formulation can be applied safely, and if the formulation can reach the target pest and remain active long enough for effective control. An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) is a _____________ formulation of a pesticide which can be mixed with another ______________ to form an emulsion. a. dry, dry formulation b. liquid, dry formulation c. liquid, liquid d. dry, liquid e. none of the above c. liquid, liquid What is a "flowable" formulation? Finely ground active ingredients mixed with a liquid, along with inert ingredients, to form a suspension.
Explain the differences between the terms "label" and "labeling." The label is the information printed on or attached to the pesticide container. Labeling includes the label itself, plus all other information you receive from the manufacturer about the product when you buy it. Where would you look to find out whether a pesticide is classified as Restricted Use? If a pesticide is classified as restricted use, the words "Restricted Use Pesticide" will appear on the front panel of the pesticide label. Match the signal words and symbols you may see on a pesticide product with the appropriate meaning. Caution _______ Danger________ Warning ______ Poison and the skull and crossbones [symbol]_______ a. Highly toxic b. Moderately toxic c. Highly toxic as a poison, rather than as a skin or eye irritant d. Slightly toxic or relatively nontoxic Caution - D
Danger - A Warning - B Poison - C Can you use the signal word on a pesticide label to judge the likelihood of suffering acute, delayed or allergic effects if you are overexposed to the product? Explain. Signal words and symbols indicate the likelihood that you will experience acute harmful effects if you are overexposed. Signal words do not tell you any thing about the risks of delayed harmful effects or allergic effects. What types of hazard statements are on pesticide labeling? You should look for precautions about hazards to humans (and domestic animals), environmental hazards and physical/chemical hazards. The EPA registration number refers to the facility where the pesticide product was made. (True or False?) False A pesticide use bulletin for protection of endangered species may contain limitations on certain pesticide applications in an area where an endangered species habitat exists. (True or False?) True
Adsorption Adsorption is the binding of chemicals to soil particles. Pesticides that are strongly adsorbed (bound) are less likely to be carried from the treated area by surface water or to leach through the soil; they may, however, be moved readily by soil erosion. Absorption Absorption is the process by which chemicals are taken up by plants and other organisms. Microbial Degradation Microbial degradation occurs when microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria break down pesticides and use them as a food source. Most microbial activity occurs in the top 12 inches of soil. The chemical structure of the pesticide also influences the ability of microorganisms to break it down. In particular, compounds with chlorine in their structures resist degradation and can persist in the environment for a long time. This can be avoided or delayed by alternating types of pesticides used, spot-treating and applying pesticides only when needed. Chemical Degradation
Chemical degradation of a pesticide involves reactions that change its chemical bonds, reducing the pesticide's original structure into less complex components. Example: Hydrolysis (a chemical reaction that splits bonds and adds the elements of water) in high pH (alkaline) soils or spray mixes. Photodegradation Photodegradation is the breakdown of pesticides by the action of sunlight. How many pesticides have been found in Michigan's groundwater? Fifteen pesticides have been detected in Michigan's groundwater. Water table The top of the saturated zone (pores in ground completely filled with water). Aquifers Layers of rock, sand, gravel, silt or clay that contain groundwater. Recharge areas Areas where water is seeping down to the water table are called recharge areas
b. Could be a pesticide spill that moves into a storm sewer. c. Comes from a wide area. d. May be the movement of pesticides into streams after broadcast field applications. e. a and b e. a and b List some ways to prevent point-source pollution. Ways to avoid point-source pollution include, for example: a. Proper management of wash water and spills produced at equipment cleanup sites. b. Proper disposal of containers, water used to rinse containers and excess pesticides. c. Correctly cleaning up leaks and spills at pesticide storage sites. d.Preventing pesticide spills while mixing concentrates or loading pesticides into application equipment. What environmental factors should you consider any time you accidentally or intentionally release a pesticide into an environment? a. Whether there are sensitive areas in the environment at the pesticide use site that might be harmed by contact with the pesticide. b. Whether there are sensitive off site areas near the use site that might be harmed by contact with the pesticide.
c. Whether there are conditions in the immediate environment that might cause the pesticide to move off site. d.Whether you can change any factors in your application or in the pesticide use site to reduce the risk of environmental contamination. What is a "sensitive area"? a. Sites or living things in environments that are easily injured by a pesticide. b. Schools, playgrounds, hospitals and other places where people are present. c. Places where there are animals - endangered species, bees, other wildlife, livestock, pets. d.Places where crops, ornamental plants or other sensitive plants are growing. e. All of the above. e. All of the above. Droplet or particle size, height and direction of release are factors that influence whether a pesticide will move off site in the air. (True or False?) True Vapor drift is: a. Pesticide particles, dusts and spray droplets carried away from the target site in the air. b. Less likely to occur from medium-textured soils with high moisture content. c. When a pesticide is moved away from the treated area by air currents in a gaseous state. d. Visible from a short distance.
True When chemicals are taken up by plants, humans or other organisms, the process is known as: a. Adsorption. b. Absorption. c. Microbial. d. Poisoning. e. Bioaccumulation. b. Absorption. Microbial pesticide degradation is enhanced when: a. Pesticides are adsorbed to soil surfaces. b. Pesticides leach deep into the soil profile. c. Soils are warm and moist. d. There is a limited amount of oxygen to volatilize the pesticide. e. Soil fertility is low and microbes must obtain energy from the pesticide. c. Soils are warm and moist. Pesticides can reach surface water from drift, rainfall or groundwater that is discharging into surface water. (True or False?) True
Layers of rock, sand, gravel, silt or clay that contain groundwater are: a. The recharge zone. b. Called the water table. c. Able to have water extracted only by wells. d. Called aquifers. d. Called aquifers. Though pesticides have not been detected in Michigan's groundwater, it is a serious concern because the potential for contamination is there. (True or False?) False Give some examples of ways that pesticides can move off site on or in objects, plants or animals. a. Pesticides may be carried off site if they stick to such things as shoes or clothing, animal fur or blowing dust - anything that moves from the use site to another location. b. Pesticide residues may remain on treated surfaces, such as food or feed products, when they are taken from the use site to be sold or used. In addition to direct contact with the pesticide during application or through drift or runoff, how else may nontarget plants and animals be harmed by a pesticide? Nontarget plants and animals may be harmed by the pesticide residues that stay in the environment for a period of time after the release. These can be residues that remain in soil or on surfaces, or they may be residues that build up in the bodies of animals, harming those animals themselves and sometimes other animals that feed on them.
The organophosphates, because of their widespread use and frequently high acute toxicity, are involved in more pesticide poisonings than any other class of pesticides. The organophosphates interfere with the activity of cholinesterase. When the cholinesterase enzyme cannot perform its normal function, the nerves in the body send "messages" to the muscles continuously. Muscle twitching and weakness commonly result. If the poisoning is severe, the victim may have "fits" or convulsions and may even die. Organophosphates are irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors - without medical treatment, the level of enzyme activity will return to normal only after several days, weeks or even months. Additive effects of small repeated doses over time, such as a growing season, may finally cause poisoning. Symptoms may appear almost immediately after excessive exposure to some organophosphates (e.g., mevinphos); with others, symptoms may be delayed for several hours (e.g., parathion, azinphosmethyl or phorate). If the initial appearance of symptoms occurs more than 12 hours after exposure to pesticides during routine handling and application operations, the problem is not acute organophosphate poisoning. Which insecticides inhibit cholinesterase? organophosphate and carbamate chemical groups deserve closer attention. These insecticides inhibit cholinesterase, an enzyme critical for normal functioning of the nervous system. Carbamates The effects of carbamates and organophosphates are similar because they both inhibit cholinesterase. They differ, however, in that the action of carbamates is naturally reversible (they will be degraded in and/or expelled from the body). Thus, carbamates can cause severe acute poisoning but they don't normally produce long-term, cumulative poisoning. A carcinogen is... a substance that can cause cancer.
An oncogen is... a substance that can cause tumor formation; the tumor may or may not be cancerous. A mutagen is... a substance that tends to increase the frequency or extent of mutations (changes, usually harmful, in inherited genetic material). Systemic effects A systemic effect is a delayed illness or injury to a bodily system; again, it does not appear within the first 24 hours after an exposure. The process by which people develop response chemicals (allergic reactions) after repeated pesticide exposures. This process is called sensitization. What is the difference between toxicity and hazard? Toxicity measures the capacity of a pesticides to cause injury. Hazard is the potential (Toxicity X Exposure) for injury. The scalp, ear canal and forehead are especially vulnerable to dermal exposure to pesticides. (True or False?)
d. Oil-based. Toxicity from repeated exposures to a pesticide over a period of time is called __________________________. Toxicity from one exposure is _____________________. Chronic Acute. Which LD50 is representative of a relatively non-toxic pesticide? a. 640 mg/kg b. 5,800 mg/kg c. 12,840 mg/kg d. 380 mg/kg e. 46 mg/kg c. 12,840 mg/kg Exposure to a relatively non-toxic pesticide will never cause adverse health effects. (True or False?) False The signal word on a pesticide label indicates the pesticide's: a. Effectiveness.
b. Relative toxicity. c. Compatibility. d. Formulation. e. Ability to cause tumors. b. Relative toxicity. Circle all of the following that are characteristic of a pesticide in toxicity category II, moderately toxic? a. CAUTION signal word. b. 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce = approximate lethal oral dose for a 150-pound person. c. Severe skin irritation. d. Eye irritation reversible within 7 days. e. WARNING signal word. b. 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce = approximate lethal oral dose for a 150-pound person. c. Severe skin irritation. e. WARNING signal word. Acute oral exposure may produce which of the following symptoms? a. Respiratory congestion and impaired vision. b. Itching and vomiting. c. Chest pains and muscle twitching. d. Sweating and diarrhea.
