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LPN
LPN ENTRANCE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED (202 5 /202 6 )
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
what are the glands of the endocrine system? - ANS ✓the pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands. PPHATTT what is the integumentary system made up of, and what is its function? - ANS ✓made up of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails. Protects internal tissues from injury and pathogens. Also waterproofs the body and regulates body temperature. HNMS (like the store H&M) what is the function of the lymphatic system? - ANS ✓Lymph nodes and lymph vessels carry lymph, Which is a clear fluid rich in antibodies. Houses and transports white blood cells to and from lymph nodes. Returns leaked fluid back into the blood vessels (back into blood). What does the lymphatic system consist of? - ANS ✓The spleen, thymus, and tonsils. They are all made of lymphoid tissue. Muscular system - ANS ✓The muscular system consists ONLY of skeletal muscles, as well as tendons and ligaments. The muscular system DOES NOT include cardiac and smooth muscles, which are involuntary
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What parts does the nervous system consist of, and what is its function? - ANS ✓The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is the body's control system. Sensory receptors detect stimuli that can occur both inside and outside the body. What does the reproductive system consist of? - ANS ✓Testes, penis, ovaries, vagina, and breasts. These organs house hormones that encourage or suppress activities within the body, and they also influence the development of the body. What is the function of the respiratory system? - ANS ✓The respiratory system keeps the body's cells supplied with oxygen, and it removes CO2 as it is released from cells. Alveoli are tiny air sacks in the lungs through which oxygen and CO2 move in and out of via small blood vessels called arterioles. What are arterioles? - ANS ✓Arterioles are small blood vessels found in the walls of alveoli which are found in the lungs. Oxygen and CO2 move in and out of these small blood vessels. What does the respiratory system consist of? - ANS ✓Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs. What does the skeletal system consists of, and what is its function? - ANS ✓The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. It provides support and protection, and a framework that creates movements (with the help of muscles). What is the function of the urinary system? - ANS ✓The urinary system helps maintain the water/electrolyte balance within the body. It also regulates the acid-base balance of the blood, and removes all nitrogen-containing waste from the body. Where does nitrogen-containing waste in the body come from? - ANS ✓Nitrogen-containing wastes are by-products of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids
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capillaries, and the capillaries transport that blood to the veins, which takes the blood back to the heart. capillaries - ANS ✓Connects arteries to veins. The capillaries is the location for the exchange of oxygen and CO2. What are the four chambers of the heart? - ANS ✓The four chambers are the right and left ATRIUMS, and the right and left VENTRICLES What are the four valves in the heart? - ANS ✓The tricuspid and pulmonary valves on the right side, and the mitral and aortic valves on the left side. Pathway of blood through the heart - ANS ✓First, deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava. It enters the RIGHT ATRIUM, through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary artery, after which it goes to the lungs. After the blood picks up oxygen from the lungs, the blood goes through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, then through the mitral valve, into the left ventricle, through the aortic valve, into the aorta, then out to the entire body. The pathway of air in the respiratory system - ANS ✓The air enters the nose, goes into the trachea, then into the right and left bronchial tubes (which are lined with cilia), into the alveoli, where it picks up oxygen What are the two systems the nervous system is made up of? - ANS ✓1. CNS = Brain and spinal cord
- PNS = nerves that extend from the spine The PNS is further made up of what two nervous systems? - ANS ✓1. the autonomic nervous system
- The sensory-somatic nervous system
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PNS - the autonomic nervous system - ANS ✓An INVOLUNTARY system. Controls automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion. Includes the SYMPATHETIC nerves, and the PARASYMPATHETIC nerves. Autonomic nervous system- Sympathetic nerves - ANS ✓Active when a person is excited or scared Autonomic nervous system- Parasympathetic nerves - ANS ✓Active when a person is eating or at rest PNS - the sensory-somatic nervous system - ANS ✓A VOLUNTARY system. Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia. Controls VOLUNTARY actions like talking and walking. What are the three main functions of the nervous system? - ANS ✓1. Sensory functions
- Motor function
- Integrative function What does the sensory function of the nervous system do? - ANS ✓stimuli that can be felt physically such as pain in heat What does the motor function of the nervous system do? - ANS ✓Carries electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors, which are most commonly the glands and muscles. An effector is any part of the body that produces the response, such as a muscle contracting to move the arm, or a gland releasing a hormone into the blood. What does the integrative function of the nervous system do? - ANS ✓Uses sensory information to make decisions by joining together sensory input with memories already stored within the brain. Also uses sensory information to develop thoughts and feelings upon which decisions maybe based. Connects sensory information to thoughts and feelings.
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- Cholecystokinin Secretin - ANS ✓a hormone released by the duodenum that travels to the PANCREAS to trigger the release of bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes Bicarbonate - ANS ✓Neutralizes the stomach acid that enters from the stomach into the duodenum during digestion. Its release is triggered by secretin Cholecystokinin - ANS ✓Triggers bile release from gallbladder. Also decreases motility and acid production by stomach (which becomes unnecessary because there would be no food left in it to digest). Villi - ANS ✓Finger-like projections in the small intestine that contain arterioles and lymphatic vessels for absorption what occurs in the colon? - ANS ✓absorption of water and formation of feces. What are the two types of defenses of the immune system? - ANS ✓1. Innate (nonspecific) defenses
- Adaptive (specific) defenses Innate defenses (nonspecific) - ANS ✓Include first-line and second-line of defense. BOTH ARE NONSPECIFIC.
- First line of defense = skin, mucous membranes, and digestive enzymes
- Second line of defense = Fever, inflammation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, interferons, chemotaxis, and the release of cytokines.
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Second line of defense - Natural killer cells - ANS ✓PRODUCE perforins (pore- forming protein) that target cancer and virus cells. Activated by interferons, which are activated by a viral infection in the body Second line of defense - Perforins - ANS ✓Pore-forming proteins that TARGET cancer and virus cells by causing them to lyse (rupture). Second line of defense - Interferons - ANS ✓These are the body's response to a viral infection. They prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days. They also activate macrophages and natural killer cells. In the event of a viral infection, what kind of activity is triggered? - ANS ✓Viral infection triggers interferons, which activate macrophages and natural killer cells, which produce perforins that kill cancer and virus cells by causing them to lyse. Cytokines - ANS ✓Chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissue. They are alert leukocytes of damaged tissue so then chemotaxis occurs Chemotaxis - ANS ✓When leukocytes respond to damaged body tissue. Triggered by cytokines (which are triggered by damaged tissue). diapedesis - ANS ✓when the white blood cells squeeze through capillary slits in response to cytokines. Cellular adhesion molecules (CAM) - ANS ✓These are the molecules that guide the white blood cells to the site of damage or infection after diapedesis. What are the two types of adaptive (specific) defenses? - ANS ✓Also known as the third line of defense.
- Antibody-mediated defense
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- T-cell responds through chemotaxis and destroys foreign cell. An organism with chloroplast in its cells is probably? a) an heterotroph b) an autotroph c) an herbivore d) a primary consumer - ANS ✓c) an autotroph What property of water allows someone to fill a glass slightly above the rim without the water flowing over? a) specific gravity b) capillary c) opacity d) surface tension - ANS ✓d) surface tension The spaces between neurons are called a) synapses b) dendrites c) inter-neurons d) cell gaps - ANS ✓a) synapses Which group of chemicals is not normally found in most living things? a) carbohydrates b) proteins c) silicates d) nucleic acid - ANS ✓c) silicates
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The alimentary canal is associated with the a) spinal cord b) digestive system c) urinary tract d) birth canal - ANS ✓b) digestive system The numerous villi in the small intestine serve to a) secrete enzymes for digestion b) absorb water from dissolved food c) secrete hydrochloric acid to dissolve food d) provide greater surface for absorption - ANS ✓d) provide greater surface for absorption As light passes obliquely from air to water, it is bent. This bending is called a) diffraction b) reflection c) refraction d) dipersion - ANS ✓c) refraction Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis? a) ribosome b) mitochondrion c) rough endoplasmic reticulum d) nucleus - ANS ✓d) nucleus To be absorbed by cells, proteins must be changed to a) amino acids b) sucrose
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The solubility of a solid in a liquid generally increases with a) an increase in temperature b) an increase in pressure c) a decrease in temperature d) a decrease in pressure - ANS ✓a) an increase in temperature In humans, if the diaphragm is pushed upward, there is a decrease in chest volume. This decrease is followed by a) an increase in pressure in the chest cavity and inhalation b) an increase in pressure in the chest cavity an exhalation c) a decrease in pressure in the chest cavity and inhalation d) a decrease in pressure in the chest cavity and exhalation - ANS ✓b) an increase in pressure in the chest cavity and exhalation A five year old and her father each lifting identical chairs from the floor to a table top. Which person did the most work? a) the father b) the five year old c) they both did the same amount d) not enough information given - ANS ✓c) they both did the same amount An excess of which of these ions tends to make a solution acidic? a) chloride b) hydroxyl c) hydronium d) sodium - ANS ✓c) hydronium
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The vaporization of solid dry ice to gaseous carbon dioxide by heating is an example of a) sublimation b) evaporation c) precipitation d) condensation - ANS ✓a) sublimation On top of a mountain, the boiling point of water is a) lower than at sea level, because the atmospheric pressure is higher on the mountain b) lower than at sea level, because the atmospheric pressure is lower on the mountain c) the same as at sea level because the atmospheric pressure is the same in both locations d) higher than at sea level because the atmospheric pressure is lower on the mountain - ANS ✓b) lower than at sea level because the atmospheric pressure is lower on the mountain Suppose cube A is 10 cm along each edge and cube b is 5 cm along each edge. What is the relationship of the volume of cube a to that of cube b? a) cube a has two times the volume as cube b b) cube a had four times the volume of cube b c) cube a has six times the volume of cube b d) cube a has eight times the volume of cube b - ANS ✓d) cube a has eight times the volume of cube b What is the name of the specialized area of a sensory neuron that detects a specific stimulus? A. Tract B. Receptor C. Dorsal root
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a) catalysts b) diffusion c) active transport d) osmosis - ANS ✓b) diffusion If a car's rate of change of velocity is negative, the car is a) speeding up b) maintaining a constant speed c) slowing down d) stopped - ANS ✓c) slowing down Which of these nitrogenous bases may be found in RNA but not in DNA? a) uracil b) adenine c) thymine d) guanine - ANS ✓a) uracil A substance with a pH of 8 is a a) strong acid b) weak acid c) strong base d) weak base - ANS ✓d) weak base Binary fission in paramecia and budding in yeast cells are examples of a) asexual reproduction only b) sexual reproduction only c) spontaneous generation and sexual reproduction d) both sexual and asexual reproduction - ANS ✓a) asexual reproduction only
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Certain seaweeds accumulate iodine in a concentration as much as a million times greater than that of the surrounding ocean. How must this intake be accomplished? a) osmosis b) diffusion c) active transport d) passive transport - ANS ✓c) active transport Hydrogen can be prepared in the laboratory by combining Zn and HCl. In the resulting reaction the metallic zinc (Zn) a) is changed to another element b) reacts with the water in the acid c) replaces the combined hydrogen acid d) serves as a catalyst - ANS ✓c) replaces the combined hydrogen in the acid Which of the following organisms has a nutritive process most similar to that of animals? a) seaweed b) oak tree c) grass d) bread mold - ANS ✓d) bread mold Which of these substances has the highest boiling point? a) ether b) ethanol c) water d) glycerol - ANS ✓c) water Which of the following is a function of the respiratory system?
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d) support the trachea - ANS ✓d) support the trachea When the diaphragm contracts (is pulled downward), _______ occurs. a) inhalation b) exhalation c) a hiccup d) the lungs deflate - ANS ✓a) inhalation What divides the left and right side of the nasal cavity? a) septum b) conchae c) pharynx d) sinus - ANS ✓a) septum These carry air into the lungs. A. Bronchi and bronchiole tubes B. Alveoli C. Sinuses - ANS ✓A. Bronchi and bronchiole tubes The order of the scientific method - ANS ✓1 problem identification 2 question asking 3 developing a hypothesis 4 experimentation and data collection 5 analyze collected data 6 conclusion The steps of data collection - ANS ✓1 observation 2 measurement
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3 samples 4 organization Deductive reasoning - ANS ✓Method whereby conclusions follow from general principles. Leads to a specific conclusion. Inductive reasoning - ANS ✓Method of arriving at general principles from specific facts. Conclusion is formed by information that is most likely true Atoms - ANS ✓The smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element. They combine to form molecules Molecules - ANS ✓a chemical bonding of atoms. They combine to form cells!!! Organs - ANS ✓Two or more tissue types that work together to perform a specific function What are the four types of tissue? - ANS ✓epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous Epithelial tissue - ANS ✓Provides covering or produce secretions. Commonly exists in layers and does not have its own blood supply. Because of this, it depends on nearby capillaries for food and oxygen, via diffusion. What are the two TYPES of epithelial tissue? - ANS ✓1. Simple epithelium = One layer of cells. Found in body structures where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur.
- Stratified epithelium = Multiple layers of cells. Serves as protection
