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Chapter 3 Socialization Questions for you… Which agents of socialization have had the greatest impact on your development? o Family o Education o Peer Group o The Media o Religion Chapter Outline Why Is Socialization Important Around the Globe? Social Psychological Theories of Human Development Sociological Theories of Human Development Chapter Outline Agents of Socialization Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization Socialization Through the Life Course Resocialization Socialization in the Future Socialization The lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society. Socialization is the essential link between the individual and society. Socialization is the process through which we become human. Why Socialization Is Important Teaches us ways to think, talk and act that are necessary for social living. Ensures that members of society are socialized to support the existing social structure. Allows society to pass culture on to the next generation. Life-Long Process Children need to be surrounded by people who care for them, interact with them and provide for their basic needs. This is essential for complete growth and development. Children who are isolated, abused or neglected may experience long term developmental challenges. How Much Do You Know About Socialization and the College Experience? True or False? Professors are the primary agents of socialization for college students. How Much Do You Know About Socialization and the College Experience? False. Numerous studies have concluded that although professors are important in helping students learn about the academic side of the college experience, our friends and acquaintances help us adapt to higher education. How Much Do You Know About Socialization and the College Experience? True or False? In recent studies, few students report that they spend time studying with other students. How Much Do You Know About Socialization and the College Experience?
False. A recent study reported in The Chronicle of Higher Education found that 87.7 percent of first-year students at four-year colleges stated that they studied with other students. Similar data are not available for students at two-year schools. Would this percentage be higher, lower, or about the same at two-year and community colleges? Human Development Each of us is a product of two forces: Heredity- “nature” - Determines our physical makeup. Social environment -“nurture.” Determines how we develop and behave. Sociobiology – the study of how biology affects social behavior Problems associate with social isolation In order for humans (as well as other social animals) to develop properly, social contact early on is crucial o See Harlows’ non-human primate experiment (pg. 108) Ultimately, social isolation was detrimental to the psychological growth of the Rhesus monkeys o Cases of (extreme) social isolation and maltreatment in humans See Anna and Genie (pgs. 109-110) Without socialization, and nurture, both children were devoid of language, cleanliness, upright movement; and in essence, their humanity Without a social catalyst during our core stages of development, we are nothing more than animals Problems Associated with Maltreatment Neglect is the most frequent form of child maltreatment Freud’s Theory of Personality Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) o His premise for human existence rested on two basic tendencies; the urge to survive, and the urge to procreate o Consisted of three states that reflected different levels of personality The Id - Most basic biological drives and demand for immediate gratification unconscious and demands of immediate satisfaction basic drives The Superego - The sense of conscience, the moral and ethical aspects of ones actions The cultural values and norms internalized by an individual Operates as our conscience The Ego - The rational, reality oriented self that imposes restrictions on the Id a persons conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking dries with the demands of society Erick Erickson Psychosocial Stages Trust vs. Mistrust - (birth to age one) If infants are nurtured they form a sense of trust, if they are neglected they will become mistrustful and anxious Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - (age one to three) If allowed to develop physical and mental abilities and allowed to control their environment, they develop autonomy, if they are discouraged they become doubtful Initiative vs. Guilt - (age three to five) If initiative is encouraged, children will develop the sense (of initiative), if ignored, may develop guilt Industry vs. Inferiority - (age six to eleven) Children seek to manipulate objects and become curious of their workings, encouragement develops the sense of industry; if regarded as a nuisance, children feel inferior Identity vs. Role Confusion - (age twelve to eighteen) Adolescents attempt to develop a sense of identity, in addition to having new roles; if an accurate sense of identity is not attained, the individual feels role-confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation - (age eighteen to thirty-five) The individual seeks to develop relationships, if they fail to do so isolation ensues Generativity vs. Self-absorption - (age thirty-five to fifty-five) Generativity refers to being concerned for the next generation, whereas self absorbed persons are only concerned with material gains, and relieving personal boredom Integrity vs. Despair - (maturity and old-age) Integrity results in looking back on life and seeing it as meaningful, despair results when personal issues go unresolved Self-Concept is the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves Consists of four components o The physical self (“I am tall”) o The active self (“I am good at sports”) o The social self (“I am nice to others”)
Ecological systems are the interactions a child has with other people and how these interactions and are affected by other people and situations o Microsystems: immediate family o Mesosystems: Family interaction o Exosystems: outside the family o Macrosystem: Larger society Agents of socialization The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society o The most influential are the family, the school, peer groups, and the mass media o Family Most important agent of socialization Forms our sense of self Primary source of emotional support o A peer group is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and typically similar age Function as agents of socialization by contributing to our sense of belonging and our feeling of self worth o School Functionalist Perspective: Functions of Schools Teach students to be productive members of society. Transmit culture. Social control and personal development. Select, train, and place individuals on different rungs in society. Conflict Perspective: Schools Experiences depend on social class, racial–ethnic background, gender, and other factors. Children learn to be neat, punctual, quiet, wait their turn, and remain attentive to their work. Schools socialize children for later roles in the work force. o The mass media as an agent of socialization? Organizations that use print, analog electronic, and digital electronic means to communicate with large numbers of people Students on average spend 1,000 hours per year at school, while they spend roughly 1,600 hours per year subjected to the mass media… Media As Socializing Agents Inform us about events. Introduce us to a variety of people. Provide an array of viewpoints on current issues. Make us aware of products that will supposedly help us. Entertain us Gender Socialization o refers to the specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or society Such as color coded, or gender based toys, clothes, and activities Racial-Ethnic Socialization the socialization aspect that contains specific messages and practices, concerning the nature of one’s racial or ethnic status o Relates to personal and group identity, inter-group and inter-individual relationships, and position in the social hierarchy ReSocialization the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors from those in one’s background and previous experience o Either voluntary or involuntary Voluntary: when we assume new status of our own free will Involuntary: occurs against a person’s wishes and generally takes place within a total institution For example: military enrollment or a total institution A total institution is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time, and come under the control of the officials who run the institution o Individuals respond to resocialization in different ways Some become rehabilitated, adapting the new ways o Others become hostile, violent, or anarchistic towards the system For example, inmates may conform to the rules in prison; but, they may have little respect for the norms and laws of the greater society o A particularly popular novel (as well as a movie) on the subject: One flew over the cuckoo’s nest Occupational Socialization One of the most important types of early adult socialization o 4 phases by Wilbert moore Carrier choice Anticipatory socialization – learning aspect of occupation before entering it Conditioning and commitment (learning the occupation and commitment first)
Continuous commitment (remaining committed even problem arise) Socialization through lifecourse Each time we change status (example: bachelor, master, phd) Anticipatory socialization – the process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles Lifecourse includes o Infancy o Childhood o Adulthood o Late adult hood Socialization in the future Predictions for the future of socialization o Family will continue to be important o Increased cases of abuse and neglect o Growing dominance of television and the internet Vocabulary Ageism - Prejudice and discrimination against older people Anticipatory socialization - Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position Social Devaluation – a situation in which a person or group is considered to have less social value than other individuals or group Social Interaction – the process by which people act toward or respond to other people Social Structure – the complex framework of social institutions (Such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as roles and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people’s behavior Components of Social Structure o Status – a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties. o Ascribed status – a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender o Achieved status – a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort o Master status – the most important status a person occupies Mead and Role-taking The self is divided into “I” and “Me”: “I” represents the unique traits of each person. “Me” is composed of the demands of others and the awareness of those demands. “I” develops first. “Me” is formed during three stages of self development. Agents of Socialization Family Peer Group School Mass Media These agents, as well as others, help to facilitate the process of socialization. Question… Which agent of socialization has had the greatest impact on your development? What role did this agent play in helping to make you the person that you are? Polling Question Which agent of socialization do you think is the most responsible for gender differences in how males and females are socialized? o The family o Religion o The peer group o Education o Mass media
Answer: C The looking-glass self, by Charles Horton Cooley, refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.
- Agents of socialization include: mass media school all of the choices the family Answer: C Agents of socialization include the mass media , school, and the family.
