Download Motor Behaviour: Concepts, Principles, and Applications and more Exams Metabolic Nutrition in PDF only on Docsity!
KPE 160 Final UofT Latest Update with
Verified Solutions
Subdivisions of motor behaviour ✔✔motor control, motor learning, motor development
Goal of motor control ✔✔to understand the set of cognitive and neural processes involved in the planning and execution of individual actions
Goal of motor learning ✔✔to understand the set of challenges and processes of improving and perfecting a performance
Goal of motor development ✔✔to understand the set of processes and factors leading to changes in performance and learning across the lifespan
Cognitive/reductionist approach ✔✔functions can be derived from understanding the characteristics of the elements
Complex/dynamical systems approach ✔✔functions cannot be derived from understanding the characteristics of the elements, but rather the whole system
Focus of information processing approach of reductionism ✔✔the focus is on the manner in which stimulus information is used to bring about behaviour
Neuroscience approach of reductionism ✔✔the focus is on the neural events underlying movement
Active/endogenous movement ✔✔movement resulting from muscular contractions
Passive/exogenous movement ✔✔movement resulting from forces that are external to the body
Reflex action (motor responses) ✔✔involuntary and relatively stereotyped responses to specific stimuli — the result of a specific, unchanging neural network
Characteristics of reflex action ✔✔short latency, generalized/stereotyped, conscious awareness does not precede response involuntarily, response is generally determined by stimulus, innate
Voluntary action (motor responses) ✔✔a response resulting from higher order processing — the result of a flexible and variable neural network
Capability ✔✔characteristics of an individual that represent a person's potential to achieve success at a task
Skill ✔✔the ability to bring about some end result with maximizing the efficient use of energy and/or time
Skill classification from a performance proficiency perspective ✔✔maximum certainty of goal achievement, maximum efficient use of energy, maximizing efficient use of time
Performance vs learning ✔✔performance is an observable attempt, learning is an internal process that reflects capability for producing a motor task
Early stages of performance and learning ✔✔cognitive, inaccurate, inconsistent, indecisive, inefficient, rigid, errorful
Middle stages of performance and learning ✔✔more fluid/accurate/consistent/decisive/efficient/adaptable, less errors
Late stages of performance and learning ✔✔autonomous, accurate, consistent, certain, efficient, adaptable, recognizes errors
Temporal measures of performance ✔✔total response time, interpretation of response time, reaction time, movement time
Kinematic measures ✔✔constant error, absolute constant error, variable error
How to measure constant error ✔✔the sum of the positive/negative distance between the desired and actual locations, divided by the number of trials
How to measure absolute constant error ✔✔the sum of the absolute value of the distance between the desired and actual locations, divided by the number of trials
How to calculate variable error ✔✔square root of the sum of the squared differences between the desired and target locations divided by the number of trials
Constant error ✔✔the accuracy or bias in behaviour/performance (total or directional)
Differential research in motor behaviour METHOD ✔✔have a group of people perform a task and see how their characteristics, attributes, or abilities predict performance
Differential research in motor behaviour PURPOSE ✔✔talent identification, assessment of difficulties
Information processing from stimulus to response ✔✔sensory receptor, sensory input, integration in brain/spinal cord, motor output, effector muscle
Input in the information processing model ✔✔information that is received or generated by the central nervous system, initially external
Human system in the information processing model ✔✔stimulus identification, response selection
Output in the information processing model ✔✔response programming: behaviour completed based on processing
Sensation ✔✔low-level neural and biochemical events at the level of receptors and the earliest coding structures
Perception ✔✔cognitive and attention demanding processes of drawing meaning from sensations
Representation ✔✔a series of patterns of action potentials that represents/codes for thoughts/perceptions/actions
Memory ✔✔encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Short-term/working memory ✔✔small/limited capacity, seconds to a minute long
Long-term memory ✔✔large/limited capacity and duration
Characteristics of attention ✔✔limited capacity, can be shifted, difficult to divide
Distractor interference (selective attention) ✔✔inability to select target from non-target information and non-target process hinders target process
Factors affecting reaction time response selection ✔✔the number of stimulus-response alternatives, stimulus-response compatibility, practice, response complexity
Hick's law ✔✔the choice response time is equal to a+b[Log2(n)]
Suprasegmental CNS ✔✔cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla, cerebellum
3 deep structures in the hemispheres of the brain ✔✔basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala
Diencephalon ✔✔thalamus distributes sensory/motor information to the cortex, hypothalamus regulates the autonomic nervous system and hormone secretion
Cerebellum ✔✔receives sensory input from the spinal cord and motor information from the cerebrum to plan, time, and learn from movement
Monosynaptic relays ✔✔most efficient, involuntary
Oligosynaptic relays ✔✔help generate more flexibility in responses, involuntary
Polysynaptic relays ✔✔take the longest to generate but are the most flexible, voluntary or involuntary
Exteroreceptors ✔✔vision, audition, taste, smell
Interoreceptors ✔✔balance, somatic
Proprioception ✔✔sensory information that arises from within the body that allows one to recognize the location of the body in space
Kinesthesis ✔✔sensory information that arises from within the body that allows one to recognize the motion of the body in space
Golgi tendon organ function ✔✔provides information about muscle force
Types of muscle spindles ✔✔chain fibres, bag fibres, afferent neurons
Feedback control of muscle spindles ✔✔M1 = monosynaptic stretch reflex, M2 = polysynaptic stretch reflex, M3 = polysynaptic voluntary response
Vestibular system features ✔✔semicircular canals, utricle, saccule
Structures of the eye ✔✔cornea, lens, retina, iris, fovea, optic disk, optic nerve
Photoreceptors in retina ✔✔rods which are sensitive to light, cones which are sensitive to color
Foveal vision ✔✔2-3º of visual angle, highest concentration of cones for color vision
Peripheral vision ✔✔higher concentration of rods, better acuity in dark conditions
Ventral stream of optic information ✔✔comes into the inferior temporal lobe, true perception for object identification
Dorsal stream of optic information ✔✔moves into the motor and premotor areas, perception for action stream
Woodworth's two-component model ✔✔ballistic phase and correcting phase
Control systems ✔✔executive, effector, open-loop control, closed-loop control
Open-loop control ✔✔feedforward, ballistic, programming and execution without error correction
Closed-loop control ✔✔feedforward and feedback, comparator, movement plan is executed and errors are used to correct the movement
Sensory contributions to open loop control ✔✔provides information about the characteristics of the body and targets needed to develop the motor program
Sensory contributions to closed loop control ✔✔provides information about the position and motion of the body and target needed to alter the output to ensure accurate completion
Conceptual issues against motor program degrees of freedom/storage problem ✔✔each different movement requires a different motor program, complexity and size of each motor program
Bernstein's degrees of freedom problem ✔✔the number of degrees of freedom that are needed to be controlled is much greater than is needed to describe the action
Dynamical systems approach ✔✔movement emerges through a process of self-organization that is the result of complex interactions among the numerous connected but individual elements
Basic idea of dynamical systems approach ✔✔humans are a set of complex physical systems, so our behaviour is governed by physical laws
Constraint ✔✔something that limits degrees of freedom
Physical constraint ✔✔characteristics of the human systems that limit and shape possible behaviours
Affordance ✔✔environmental constraints
Evidence for dynamical systems approach ✔✔spontaneous transitions between patterns of movement under predictable conditions
Collective variable/order parameter ✔✔the observable behaviour state/movement pattern
Control parameter ✔✔external influences that move the system through a series of stable states
Potential ✔✔probability that a single order parameter will emerge
Attractor state/dominant pattern ✔✔order parameters with the highest potentials and greatest accuracy/stability
Advantages of dynamical systems theory ✔✔explains spontaneous transitions between movement patterns, movement variability, novel self movement problem, storage problem
Problems with dynamical systems theory ✔✔influence of intention is secondary, triphasic burst pattern during blocked actions
The power law of practice ✔✔the log of performance is linearly related to the log of the amount of practice
Retention-transfer approach ✔✔a performance test is administered after a retention interval for the purpose of assessing learning, then a performance test is designed to test how what has been learned can be generalized into other contexts
Three stages of motor learning ✔✔cognitive/verbal stage, associative/motor stage, autonomous/diversification
Theme of motor development ✔✔movement patterns of the individual uniquely dependent on the interaction between neural and musculoskeletal systems
Tenets of the lifespan perspective of development ✔✔development is a lifelong process, it is multidimensional and multidirectional
M1 — monosynaptic stretch reflex ✔✔rapid, autonatic response which works to protect the muscle from overstretching or to maintain its muscle length
M2 — polysynaptic stretch reflex ✔✔secondary response which works to maintain the goal of the action, it is influenced by instructions
M3 — polysynaptic voluntary response ✔✔final, sustained response that maintains the goal of the action
