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Ivy |Tech |APHY | 201 |Exam | 1 |questions |with |
answers
External |body |surfaces |are... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔continuous | with |the |external |environment What |are |the | 6 |external |body |surfaces? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔1) | Nasal |and |oral |passages
- |Respiratory |tract
- |GI |tract
- |Urinary |tract
- |Reproductive |tract
- |Ducts |of |exocrine |glands Internal |body |surfaces |can |only |be |accessed... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔from |an |internal |body |fluid or by |transport |across |an |external |membrane What |are |the | 3 |internal |body |surfaces? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔1) | Cell |membranes |of |cells |within |the |body
- |Cardiovascular |and |lymphatic |membranes
- |Serous |and |connective |tissue |membranes Membranes |divide |the |body |into |compartments |that... |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔maintain |separate |chemical |environments What |is |the |external |face |of |the |membrane? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔the |surface |facing |the |environment |outside |of |the |body What |is |the |apical |(or |huminal) |face |of |the |membrane? |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔the |surface |facing |the |lumen |of |a |hallow |structure What |is |the |basolateral |face |of |the |membrane? |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔the |surface |facing |the |intestinal |environment What |are |the | 7 |fluid |compartments |of |the |body? |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔1) |Blood |plasma |and |lymph
- |Interstitial |fluid
- |Intracellular |fluid
- |Fluid |in |membranous |organelles
- |Cerebrospinal |fluid
- |Synovial |cavities
- |Chambers |in |eyeballs |and |ears
Primary |receptors |of |the |thirst |mechanism |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔Hypothalamic |receptor |neurons |signal |the |thirst |center |when | blood |plasma |osmolarity |> | 280 |mOsm Secondary |receptors |of |the |thirst |mechanism |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔Osmoreceptors |in |the |mouth |detect |low |volume |and |increase | concentration |of |saliva Integrating |center |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Hypothalamic |thirst | center Stimulation |of |the |thirst |center |causes... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔1) | Stimulation |of |water-seeking |behaviors |through |the |cerebral |cortex
- |Increased |water |conservation |by |the |kidneys, |through |ADH |from | the |posterior |pituitary Temporary |cessation |of |thirst |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Moistening | of |oral |osmoreceptors |(inhibits |hypothalamic |thirst |center |only |as | long |as |the |mouth |remains |moist) Long |term |cessation |of |thirst |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Return |to | normal |plasma |osmolarity |(strongly |inhibits |thirst |center; |as |long | as |plasma |osmolarity |remains |normal, |thirst |is |fully |inhibited)
Renal |response |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Cannot |fix |dehydration; | only |reduces |water |loss (reduces |filtrate |formation |and |increases |water |absorption |from | the |urine) Hypothalamic |compensations |for |overhydration |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔Plasma |osmolarity |< | 280 |mOsm |strongly |inhibits | thirst |by |quieting |receptor |neurons Renal |Response |compensations |for |overhydration |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔Increase |water |loss |in |urine |by |increasing |filtrate | formation |and |inhibiting |water |absorption |from |the |urine Homeostasis |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔The |ability |of |the |body |to | maintain |optimal |performance |of |a |system |under |a |given |set |of | conditions When |conditions |of |homeostasis |change... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔homeostatic |set |points |change |to |maintain |the |optimal | performance |of |the |system Feedback |loops |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Systems |that |allow | communication |between |cells |to |maintain |a |physiological |system | within |a |given |range |of |function
Examples |of |chemical |properties |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Size, | weight, |number |of |protons |or |electrons, |solubility |in |water, |electrical |charge Atom |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔The |smallest |particle |of |any |element Proton |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Subatomic |particle |with |one | positive |charge |and |mass |of | 1 |amu |(located |in |the |nucleus) Neutron |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Subatomic |particle |with |no | charge |and |mass |of | 1 |amu |(located |in |the |nucleus) Electron |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔A |subatomic |particle |with |a | negative |electric |charge |(located |in |orbitals |around |the |nucleus) Naturally |occurring |atoms |have... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔equal | numbers |of |positive |and |negative |charges The |number |of |protons |in |the |nucleus |determines... |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔atomic |number What |do |different |numbers |of |neutrons |create? |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔Isotope
Electrons |are |involved |in... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Form |covalent | bonds, |gained |or |lost |create |ions, |capture |and |store |energy, |create | free |radicals The |molecular |weight |of |an |atom |is |determined |by... |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔protons |+ |neutrons |= |atomic |mass Electron |compatibility |is |partly |determined |by... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔how |many |empty |spaces |exist |around |the |nuclei |of |the |bonding |atoms; |this |is |a |chemical |property |of |atoms Describe |the |energy |levels |of |electrons |based |on |their |position | relative |to |the |nucleus |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔The |lowest |energy | level |starts |closest |to |the |nucleus |and |gets |stronger |farther |out What |happens |when |electrons |absorb |energy |from |the | environment? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔They |spin |faster, |the |faster | they |spin, |they |can |jump |into |a |higher |energy |level The |energy |content |of |larger |molecules |is |________ |smaller | molecules |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔greater |than Forming |chemical |bonds |________ |energy |content |of |a |molecule |- | CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔increases
Ionic |bonds |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔(AKA |electrostatic |attractions) | result |from |the |attraction |between |ions |with |opposite |charges What |happens |to |a |molecule |when |it |loses |an |electron? |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔The |molecule |becomes |positive What |happens |to |a |molecule |when |it |gains |and |electron? |- | CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔The |molecule |becomes |negative Cations |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Positively |charged |ions Anions |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Negatively |charged |ions Hydrogen |bonds |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔A |weak |attractive |force | between |a |hydrogen |atom |and |a |nearby |oxygen, |nitrogen, |or | fluorine |atom. |No |electrons |are |gained, |lost, |or |shared. What |is |the |basic |chemical |formula |for |carbohydrates? |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔CH2O What |are |carbohydrates |used |for |by |the |body? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔To |store |chemical |of |energy |or |in |the |manufacture |of |chemical | energy
Monosaccharide |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔The |building |blocks |of | complex |carbohydrates |can |either |have | 5 |carbons |(ribose) |or | 6 | carbons |(glucose) Disaccharide |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Consist |of |glucose |plus | another |monosaccharide |(made |from | 2 |simple |sugars) Polysaccharide |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Glucose |polymers. |All |living | cells |store |glucose |for |energy |in |the |form |of |a |polysaccharide Provide |examples |for |polysaccharides |and |what |kind |of |organism | possesses |each |example |you |give: |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Chitin | (in |invertebrate |animals), |glycogen |(in |vertebrate |animals), |cellulose | and |starch |(in |plants), |dextran |(in |bacteria |and |yeast) Nucleotides |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Biomolecules |that |play |an | important |role |in |energy |and |info |transfer What |are |the | 3 |basic |structures |of |a |nucleotide? |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔1) |ATP |(adenosine |triphosphate)
- |ADP |(adenosine |diphosphate)
- |Cyclic |AMP
How |many |tails |are |in |a |disaccharide |(lipids)? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔two How |many |tails |are |in |a |triglyceride |(lipids)? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔three What |is |the |most |prevalent |form |of |true |lipids |in |the |human | body? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Cholesterol Describe |the |glycerol |subunit |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Glycerol |is |a | simple |3-carbon |molecule |that |makes |up |the |back |bone |of |most | lipids Describe |the |fatty |acid |subunit |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Long |chains |of |carbon |atoms |bound |to |hydrogens |with |a |carboxyl |(-COOH) | or |"acid" |group |at |one |end |of |the |chain Saturated |fatty |acids |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔No |double |bonds | between |carbons, |so |they |are |"saturated" |with |hydrogens. |More | fatty |acids |= |more |likely |to |be |solid |at |room |temp Unsaturated |fatty |acids |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Have |one |or |more | double |bonds |between |carbons |in |the |chain
Phospholipids |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Cholesterol |and | phospholipids |are |important |components |of |animal |cell |membranes Steroids |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Cholesterol |is |the |primary |source | of |steroids |in |the |human |body Eicosanoids |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Act |as |regulators |of | physiological |functions Proteins |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Structural |(insoluble) |or | functional |(soluble) |molecules |consisting |of |amino |acids Carboxyl |group |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Gives |the |molecule |an | acidic |quality The |"R" |group |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔A |group |of |atoms |that | determines |which |of |the | 20 |amino |acids |this |one |is The |amino |group |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔A |functional |group | typically |associated |with |proteins
Secondary |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Spatial |arrangement |of |amino | acids |in |the |strand Secondary |spatial |arrangement |determined |by... |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔the |best |fit |between |R |groups |of |individual |amino | acids |in |the |strand Secondary |forms |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Either |alpha |helices | (spiral |shapes), |or |beta |pleated |sheets |(accordion |folded |sheets) Tertiary |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔3D |arrangement |of |alpha |helices | and |beta |pleated |sheets Tertiary |forms |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Either |globular |(ball-like) |or | fibrous |(strand-like) |shapes Quaternary |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔3D |arrangement |of |subunits | that |have |a |tertiary |level |of |structure Quaternary |forms |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Either |globular |or | fibrous |shapes
Most |functional |proteins |bind... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔reversibly | to |other |molecules |(there |will |be |an |equilibrium |between |the | proportion |of |bound |and |unbound |molecules) What |does |the |addition |or |removal |of |molecules |that |can |bind |to |a | protein |do? |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Changes |the |binding |behavior | of |the |protein If |the |free |(unbound) |concentration |of |molecules |increases, |then... |- | CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔some |of |the |free |molecules |will |be |bound |to |the |binding |protein If |the |free |concentration |of |molecules |decreases, |then... |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔some |bound |molecules |unbind |from |the |protein, | becoming |part |of |the |free |concentration Specificity |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔A |binding |site |is |specifically | shaped |to |fit |one |or |a |small |group |of |structurally |similar |molecules Substrate |molecules |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Molecules |that |bind | to |a |binding |site |on |a |protein Affinity |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Some |molecules |will |have |a | stronger |attraction |for |the |binding |site |than |others
At |the |point |of |saturation, |an |increase |in |substrate | concentration... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔no |longer |gets |an | increase |in |response |rate Protein |isoforms |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Proteins |in |different | locations |in |the |body |that |bind |the |same |substrates, |but |with | different |binding |affinities a) |May |or |may |not |be |the |same |structural |or |functional |type |of | protein b) |Allows |different |cells |to |respond |differently |to |the |same |substrate |molecule Control |(modulation) |of |functional |proteins |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔Allows |the |body |to |precisely |regulate |the |amount |of |protein | activity Functional |proteins |may |be |modulated |by... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔chemical |or |environmental |modulators Chemical |or |Environmental |modulators |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔1)Molecules |added |to |the |system |that |interact |with |the |protein
- |Temperature |and |pH |changes
Up-regulation/Down-regulation |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Changing | the |number |of |available |proteins Cells |may |replace |existing |proteins |with... |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS | ✔✔higher |or |lower |affinity |forms Cell |membranes |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Selectively |permeable | barriers |separating |chemical |environments |inside |and |outside |the | cell The |basic |structure |of |the |cell |membrane |consists |of |_____, |leading | to |an |overall |_____ |quality |to |the |cell |membrane. |- |CORRECT | ANSWERS |✔✔a) |phospholipids |interspersed |with |cholesterol b) |lipid Lipid |soluble |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Molecules |freely |diffuse | across |the |cell |membrane: |the |body |cannot |prevent |this Water |soluble |- |CORRECT |ANSWERS |✔✔Molecules |cannot |pass | through |the |membrane, |unless |they |are |passing |through |a | channel, |or |are |transported |by |a |carrier |or |vesicle
