Jiang Li
Dept. of Systems & Computer Science, Howard Univ. 1
Introduction
Computers, Abstraction and Technology
Dr. Jiang Li
Slides adapted from various sources (e.g. VT, RPI, UCSB etc)
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Introduction to Computer, Abstraction, and Technology - Notes | SYCS 201, Study notes of Computer Architecture and Organization
Material Type: Notes; Professor: Li; Class: Computer Organization; Subject: Systems and Computer Science; University: Howard University; Term: Unknown 2008;
Typology: Study notes
Pre 2010
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Introduction
Computers, Abstraction and Technology
Dr. Jiang Li
Slides adapted from various sources (e.g. VT, RPI, UCSB etc)
This course is all about how
computers work.
But what do we mean by a computer?
Different types: desktop, servers, embeddeddevices
Different uses: automobiles, graphics, structuralanalysis, finance, genomics…
Different manufacturers: Intel, Apple, IBM,Microsoft, Sun…
Different underlying technologies and differentcosts
Microprocessor Sales
Number of Distinct Processors
History: At the Beginning…
ENIAC:
Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator
First large-scale, electronic, digital computer capable ofbeing reprogrammed to solve a full range of computingproblems
University of Pennsylvania
Operational 1946-
80ft x 8.5 ft x 3ft, 27 tons
Operations per second (10-base calculation)
5,000 simple addition or subtraction / 385 multiplication / 40division / 3 square root
5,000 cycles per second (i.e. 5KHz)
Cost almost $500,
Manual programming (really) - data via punch cards
ENIAC
History: the Stored Program Computer^
EDSAC:
Electronic Delay
Storage AutomaticCalculator
Wilkes (Cambridge)
First practical, full-scale,stored-program computer(1949)
Memory: 1024 x 18 bits
Internally used twoscomplement, binarynumbers.
For university research
History: Commercialization
UNIVAC I (1951)
Eckert & Mauchly
Remington-Rand Co.
Girst commerciallysuccessful system
Built 48
Sold at $1,000,000 a pop
System/360 family (1964)
IBM
Dominated the “big-iron”market
Comprehensivehardware/software solution
Sold at $1,000,000 a pop
History: Mini and Super-size
PDP-8 (1965)
Digital Equipment Corp
First successful minicomputer
Sold at under $20,000 a pop
Arguably motivated developmentof microprocessors
CDC 6600 (1963)
Seymour Cray
led to Cray Computers
Cray-1 shown at right (1976)
sold at $4,000,000 a pop
50 Years of Progress
Growth of Capacity Per DRAM chip
Units of Measurement (1)
Spatial units:
Traditional
Secondary storage
IEC standard
kibi: kilo binary
byte (B)
8 bits
kilobyte (KB)
1024 or 2
10
bytes
megabyte (MB)
1024 kilobytes or 2
20
bytes
gigabyte (GB)
1024 megabytes or 2
30
bytes
byte (B)
8 bits
kilobyte (KB)
1000 or 10
3
bytes
megabyte (MB)
1000 kilobytes or 10
6
bytes
gigabyte (GB)
1000 megabytes or 10
9
bytes
byte (B)
8 bits
kibibyte (KB)
1024 or 2
10
bytes
mebibyte (MB)
1024 kilobytes or 2
20
bytes
gibibyte (GB)
1024 megabytes or 2
30
bytes
Units of Measurement (2)