Birds and Mammals: Comparative Anatomy and Adaptations - Prof. Stephen J. Salek, Study notes of Biology

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Birds

• Amniotic eggs, scales on legs, keratin • Feathers • Reduced skeleton and large muscles for flying - Special lungs and circulatory system • Endothermic – make their own heat

Archaeopteryx

• first bird fossil, late Jurassic Period • like dinosaurs in

  claws - tail vertebrae - teeth - flat sternum - new (derived) characteristics - feathers - furcula Cretaceous Mesozoic Jurassic^ Triassic

Flight Muscles

White meat

Air Sacs and Breathing

Mammal Adaptations

• endothermy, hair, sweat and scent glands • varying teeth (“heterodont”), epiglottis • improved olfaction, larger nasal cavity • 4-chambered heart, diaphragm • more coordination, acute senses, and learning ability

Endothermy

maintaining constant body temperature by using extra energy

• insulation by fat, hair, large body size • cooling by sweat, heat radiation, panting • allows activity at low temperatures

Mammalian Skin Glands

• sebaceous glands
  • condition, waterproof skin and fur
    • sweat glands
      • cooling; communication by odor
        • mammary glands
          • milk for offspring

Mammalian Teeth

Heterodont - a standard four tooth types:

Incisors - Canines - Premolars - Molars

Marsupial Mammals

• fetuses do not fully implant in the simpler uterus - adult females have a belly pouch (marsupium) - newborns stay inside, attached to nipple, for months

Marsupial Mammals

Campbell Fig. 18.22B South Americantree opossum North American opossum Australian kangaroo

Placental mammals