Download Hubs 1406 - Week 4/5/6 Questions with Complete Solutions: Human Biology and Physiology and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
Hubs 1406 - wk 4/5/6 Questions With Complete Solutions 1st and 2nd line of defence are .... immunity Correct Answers non-specific / innate 1st and 2nd line of defence are directed at Correct Answers general defence not specific 1st barrier basic Correct Answers physical 1st line of cellular defense against pathogens Correct Answers phagocytes 1st line of defence Correct Answers Physical barriers, nasty substances and well-defended entrances 1st step of tissue repair involves Correct Answers inflammation 1st trimester 4 events Correct Answers cleavage implantation placentation embryogenesis 2 major communication systems Correct Answers nervous and endocrine 2nd barrier basic Correct Answers attack 2nd line of defence Correct Answers 1. Phagocytes (Neutrophils and macrophages mainly)
- Inflammatory response
(Histamine released by mast cells in tissue and basophils)
- Chemical weapons - Complement and interferons
- Fever 3 functions of skin Correct Answers protection temp regulation sensation 3 main joint types Correct Answers fibrous- non-moveable cartilagenous - semi-moveable synovial- freely-moveable 3 phases of healing Correct Answers inflammatory response phase, fibroblastic repair phase, maturation-remodeling phase 3 types of cartilage Correct Answers hyaline elastic fibrocartilage 3rd defense basic Correct Answers memory 3rd line of defence Correct Answers 3rd line of defence Correct Answers assassins trained to seek out, capture and destroy a particular culprit 3rd line of defence directed ..... against .... Correct Answers specifically
A patient has a condition which makes his pupils excessively dilated, with the result that his eyes are very sensitive to light. Which of the following might help to correct this problem? Correct Answers a drug which activates the parasympathetic system A person consults their doctor because they have been suffering from lots of colds and other infections in recent weeks. The patient has also started to develop a round, puffy face, and a lump of fat on his back. A blood test reveals a high glucose level and a very high level of the pituitary hormone adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). What and where is the problem likely to be? Correct Answers Over-secretion of cortisol due to a problem in the pituitary gland A person goes to their doctor complaining of tiredness, lethargy and weight gain over the past two months. The doctor does a blood test which produces the following results: Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH): 12.4 mIU/L (normal range 0.3 - 3 mIU/L) Thyroid hormone : 7.8 pmol/L (normal range 10 - 25 pmol/L) What do these results suggest? Correct Answers The person is suffering from hypothyroidism due to a problem with the thyroid gland itself A person is eating a diet rich in calcium, but is not absorbing much of the calcium. Which of the following could be used to correct this problem? Correct Answers Vitamin D
A person is suffering from tiredness, weakness and inability to tolerate cold temperatures. What is the endocrine problem likely to be? Correct Answers Insufficient thyroid hormone A person undergoes surgery for a tumour of the thyroid gland. The surgery involves the removal of almost the entire gland. After the surgery, the patient's plasma calcium levels were found to be chronically low. What would be the most likely reason for this? Correct Answers The removal of the thyroid gland would have resulted in the removal of the parathyroid glands along with it. Since parathyroid hormone normally raises plasma calcium level, the plasma calcium level dropped after the surgery. A reduction in plasma calcium ion levels would affect bone by Correct Answers causing increased osteoclast activity a tendons elasticity stores .... for .... Correct Answers energy movement A young woman consults her doctor complaining of muscle weakness and bone pain. A bone density scan shows that she has very low bone density, and a blood test shows abnormally high plasma calcium levels. The doctor suspects an endocrine disorder. Which of the following problems is the most likely? Correct Answers Too much parathyroid hormone A young woman has had her pituitary gland removed. Which of the following will she now experience? Correct Answers Hypothyroidism
antibodies MADGE Correct Answers m- 1st responder a- secretions d- bind b cells g- placenta , most abundant e- allergic antibody (immunoglobulin) is found in body secretions and acts to prevent pathogens from entering the body Correct Answers IgA Antigen Correct Answers A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody antitbody secreted first in response to new antigen Correct Answers IgM at puberty bone growth plates become Correct Answers ossified autonomic nervous system 2 sub divisions Correct Answers sympathetic- flight or fight parasympathetic- rest and digest b cells Correct Answers produce antibody ball & socket joint Correct Answers full rotation and movement in all axis Bill Stumplepop has been producing large quantities of extremely dilute urine, causing him to get dehydrated frequently.
His doctor tells him the problem is an endocrine one. Which of the following structures is most likely to be where the problem lies? Correct Answers Posterior pituitary bipennate muscle function Correct Answers Muscles that have fibers on two sides of a tendon BMR Correct Answers basal metabolic rate body tissue types Correct Answers nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective bone cells that make and maintain the matrix Correct Answers Osteoblasts Osteoclasts bone formation cell Correct Answers osteoblasts bone is a resoivior for Correct Answers calcium and other minerals bone matrix is made of Correct Answers Collagen fibres with calcium salts deposited on them bone reabsorption cell Correct Answers osteoclasts bone that reduces weight of skeleton and load on muscles Correct Answers spongy bones Correct Answers living tissue, various shapes strong and hard but lightweight
cell which causes resorption of bone Correct Answers oesteoclast Cells of the adrenal cortex produce: Correct Answers aldosterone. cells that secrete and maintain matrix in intervertebral discs Correct Answers chondrocytes chemical bonding in collagen fibres Correct Answers covalent Children who have been completely protected from sun exposure can get soft bones because Correct Answers Lack of sun exposure leads to low levels of vitamin D which results in low plasma calcium and removal of salts from the bone. chrondrocytes make and maintain the matrix of which connective tissue Correct Answers cartilage circular muscle Correct Answers muscle layer encircling the body between the epidermis and longitudinal muscle layer maintains constriction/ controls diameter Classes of antibody (immunoglobulin) Correct Answers IgG IgM IgD IgA IgE cleavage Correct Answers rapid cell divison after fertilisation
CNS Correct Answers central nervous system: brain and spinal cord compressive force increases Correct Answers bone remodelling condition causes lower density bone Correct Answers osteoporosis condyloid joint Correct Answers synovial joint that does everything except rotating connective tissue contains a large amount of Correct Answers extracellular matrix connective tissue function Correct Answers bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells Connective tissues are characterised by Correct Answers specialised cells embedded in a specialised "soup" or matrix contraction caused by Correct Answers neurotransmitters released by the nerve activates a cascade of events in each muscle fibre convergent muscle function Correct Answers ommon point of attachment, from which the muscle fascicles extend outward, not necessarily in a specific spatial pattern, allowing the muscle to cover a broad surface
dry mouth, indigestion, racing heart. which division of nervous system is responsible? Correct Answers autonomic sympathetic During an extended period of bed rest, which cell types would be most active in your bones and why Correct Answers Osteoclasts, because the lack of loading of the bones would reduce osteoblast activity. effects of insufficient ADH? Correct Answers kidneys excrete too much water high urine vol. -> dehydration & low BP effects of insufficient HGH Correct Answers reduced energy altered body composition oesteoporosis reduced strength - muscle lipid abnormailities insulin resistance impaired cardiac function effects of not enough cortisol Correct Answers bronze pigmentation skin hypoglycaemia hypotension - postural weight loss weakness effects of too much ADH? Correct Answers water retention blood vol. increase -> nausea, headaches, disorientation
effects of too much cortisol Correct Answers buffalo hump- in back easily bruised high BP & enlarged heart muscle weakness oesteoporosis purple striae & fat deposition moon face effects of too much HGH Correct Answers heart disease bone size increase - in childhood causes gigantacism, in adulthood limited to hands, feet and face- acromegaly elastic cartilage Correct Answers mixture of collagen and elastic fibres ext. ear, epiglottis embryogenesis Correct Answers formation of embryo endocrine Correct Answers ductless gland endocrine system feedback loop involves .... Correct Answers hormones endocrine system uses .... which are sent to the .... Correct Answers hormones bloodstream epithelial tissue function Correct Answers protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, excretion
function of glucagon Correct Answers increases blood glucose levels function of insulin Correct Answers decrease blood glucose fusiform muscle function Correct Answers muscle belly arranged parallel greatest degree of shortening- quick and wide range of motion hcg importance Correct Answers prevents shedding of uterine lining with blastocysts implanted stimulates corpus luteum to make progesterone Healing of cartilage, tendons and ligaments Correct Answers poor blood supply- particularly deeper areas unlike bone- do not remodal under stress helps increase bone density Correct Answers weight bearing exercises hinge joint Correct Answers Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane homeostasis systems Correct Answers nervous and endocrine hormone Correct Answers A chemical substance formed in an endocrine organ (gland) and carried in the blood to regulate and coordinate cellular and bodily functions
hormone which helps to prevent / treat oesteoporosis Correct Answers oestrogen hormones are .... & .... lasting Correct Answers slower longer-lasting hormones elicit Correct Answers particular responses in target tissues hormones of pancreas Correct Answers insulin & glucagon how do we respond to cold? Correct Answers cold detected -> hypothalamus -> thyrotropin-releasing hormone -> pituitary -> thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) -> thyroid how does parathyroid hormone regulate plasma calcium levels? Correct Answers plasma calcium falls -> parathyroid hormone secretion increased -> calcium removed from bone & released into bloodstream, calcium excretion by kidney reduced, vit. D production increased which leads to more calcium being absorbed by gut -> plasma calcium levels increased to normal how does the adrenal cortex know when we are under stress Correct Answers stressor detected -> hypothalamus -> corticotropin-releasing hormone -> pituitary -> adrenocorticotrophic hormone -> kidneys how does thryoid hormone allow adaptation to temp. changes? Correct Answers cold -> thyroid increase release of thyroid hormone -> BMR increases -> cells generate more heat -> no longer feel cold
IgE Correct Answers Found in skin & epithelia of respiratory & GI tracts Responsible for allergic reactions & anaphylaxis - attach to mast cells and basophils. Antigen binding triggers histamine release IgG Correct Answers Circulate in plasma - about 80% of antibodies in plasma Most abundant antibody in immune response Cross placenta IgM Correct Answers Attach to B lymphocytes & free in plasma First class of antibody released in primary immune response immune system has ... lines of defence which are.... Correct Answers 3 1st 2nd 3rd immunoglobulin that tiggers allergic reaction Correct Answers IgE Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells are: Correct Answers IgD Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are: Correct Answers IgA Immunoglobulins that attach to and activate degranulation of mast cells and basophils are Correct Answers IgE
impairement of hearing would be caused by which tissue Correct Answers nervous implantation Correct Answers blastocyst embedded into endometrium In a routine examination, some blood is taken and analysed. The results show a high IgM titer but a low IgG titer for the mumps virus. This would suggest that the person: Correct Answers was recently infected with mumps In boys, the ossification or closure of the growth plates in the long bones is caused by the release of testosterone at puberty. Boys who enter puberty at an unusually early age are therefore likely to Correct Answers be shorter in stature In the foetus, bone-shaped rods can be seen, but these structures are not actually bone yet. What are they? Correct Answers hyaline cartilage Increased levels of which hormone will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood? Correct Answers parathyoid hormone infectious agents Correct Answers bacteria virus fungi protozoa - single celled parasites worms - multi celled parasites
