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Honors 311 Midterm exam with complete solutions, Exams of Nursing

University of Texas - Arlington Nursing

Honors 311 Midterm exam with complete solutions

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2024/2025

Available from 07/16/2025

michael-abonyo 🇺🇸

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Honors 311 Midterm exam with

complete solutions

seven trends in nursing (chap 1) - ANSWER-image, education, advancement in

practice, war, workforce issues, licensure/regulation, research

- trends influence each other/intertwined, there are unique aspects related to

each trend

image of nursing (chap 1) - ANSWER-- mass communication and entertainment

have lead to generalized impressions related to nurses and the nursing

profession (good or bad?)

- popular public perception of nurses influences:

+ how nurses are treated by patients, other healthcare professionals, and the

public

+ how nurses perceive themselves and the profession

+ how they treat each other in the workplace

education of nurses (chap 1) - ANSWER-early nursing education was:

- family members and tradition

- apprenticeship and observation

- educated by physicians and nurse supervisors

formal methods emerged as result of work of nurse leaders in Europe and the US

+ nursing did not exist in the US till after the civil war

- progression of nursing education resulted in educational degrees that

determined role or function, certification, and practice

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Honors 311 Midterm exam with

complete solutions

seven trends in nursing (chap 1) - ANSWER-image, education, advancement in practice, war, workforce issues, licensure/regulation, research

trends influence each other/intertwined, there are unique aspects related to each trend image of nursing (chap 1) - ANSWER-- mass communication and entertainment have lead to generalized impressions related to nurses and the nursing profession (good or bad?)
popular public perception of nurses influences:
- how nurses are treated by patients, other healthcare professionals, and the public
- how nurses perceive themselves and the profession
- how they treat each other in the workplace education of nurses (chap 1) - ANSWER-early nursing education was:
family members and tradition
apprenticeship and observation
educated by physicians and nurse supervisors formal methods emerged as result of work of nurse leaders in Europe and the US
- nursing did not exist in the US till after the civil war
progression of nursing education resulted in educational degrees that determined role or function, certification, and practice

advances in practice (chap 1) - ANSWER-- advances in healthcare technology

development of new practice approaches/disciplines to effectively treat healthcare concerns
technological advancements:
- influence and improve outcomes
- fast-paced changes to nursing practice
sociopolitical and healthcare environments
- influence practice trends
- necessity of practice advancement
new practice approaches/disciplines developed over time to address specific client concerns war and its effect on nursing (chap 1) - ANSWER-- evolution of professional nursing in US intricately tied to wartime activities
each war has posed unique challenges and opportunities for nursing related to professional roles and responsibilities
- before WW1 there were more male nurses than female, then it became all women eventually
much of technology that nurses routinely use today is direct result of wartime nursing workforce issues (chap 1) - ANSWER-- workforce issues related to supply and demand of qualified nurses have consistently emerged
sometimes related to an overabundance of nurses and often connected to shortages
other issues: employment of men, ethnic minorities, and racial minorities in nursing licensure and regulation (chap 1) - ANSWER-- all practicing nurses are required to obtain and maintain licenses
- minimum competency (i.e. NCLEX-RN)
certifications and specialty endorsements are essential components of nursing practice
- ensure competency as they delineate role, responsibility, and obligation

sociopolitical climate in 1600s to 1700s (chap 4- nursing in the American colonies)

ANSWER-- colonial America was outpost of Great Britain
community building activities and governing bodies modeled after standards and practices in Great Britain
unrest related to desire for autonomy and unfair taxation leads by GB
American Revolutionary War in 1775 the image of nursing in 1600s to 1700s (chap 4- nursing in the American colonies)
ANSWER-- synonymous with perceptions nursing in GB and Europe
- France and Germany were two leading countries in medical science
nursing care provided by monks and nuns in monastery wards as charity work
destruction and closures of monastery sick wards during reformation resulted in creation of public hospitals
public hospitals filthy, chaotic, poorly appointed, disorganized, stench-filled buildings
- you did NOT want to go there
- for travelers, transients, homeless, poor
- difficult to secure laywomen staffing
- nurses not trained, motivated, qualified
- imagine of nursing went from altruistic men and women selflessly caring for sick to criminally inclined women education of nurses in 1600s to 1700s (chap -4 nursing in the American colonies) - ANSWER-- no formal education
knowledge gained from personal experiences, tradition
nurses often functionally illiterate advances in practice in 1600s to 1700s (chap 4- nursing in the American colonies)
ANSWER-- almshouses for the poor
penthouses for contagious disease isolation
crude forms of treatment often worsened illnesses and conditions
- like mercury
first hospital in American was Pennsylvania hospital founded in 1751
second hospital in American was New York hospital founded in 1791

these were the only two hospitals in American opened before 1800
- managed the same as hospitals in GB
Europe
- in 1619 William Harvey explained blood circulation
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa, bacteria, human spermatozoa and improved microscope war and its effect on nursing in 1600s to 1700s (chap 4- nursing in the American colonies) - ANSWER-revolutionary war began in 1775
ill prepared for realities of combat
in 1777, untrained "nurses" brought to provide nursing care to the soldiers
they were camp followers: unpaid and unofficial nursing roles for ill and injured
no advances in nursing immediately following revolutionary war nursing workforce issues in 1600s to 1700s (chap 4- nursing in the American colonies) - ANSWER-- idea of men in nursing became socially unacceptable
reformation and 30 years war resulted in destruction, closure, disbanding of all- male monasteries that provided care for sick
Catholic Church shifted responsibility for this activity to nuns licensure and regulation in 1600s to 1700s (chap 4- nursing in the American colonies) - ANSWER-- none
nurses not licensed or formally regulated in any way during 1600s or 1700s in American colonies nursing research in 1600s to 1700s (chap 4- nursing in the American colonies) - ANSWER-- none
research related to nursing not evident during 1600s and 1700s timeline (chap 2-reflections) - ANSWER-1600-1800: no formally trained nurses 1660-1800: cared for and died at home, care by female family members 1800: nurses were generally males or sisters

nursing practice environment described in relation to one of seven concept trends
nursing embraces professional diversity of gender, generation, culture/tradition, creed, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and sociopolitical affiliation
need for research determined as essential solution to generate new knowledge and substantiate the work of nurses
- use evidence based practice, not tradition, to guide practice
nursing complex process of technical and cognitive skills interwoven with art of compassion and science of evidence based practice
- art and science
- clinical (skills) to apply to practice (theories)
Florence Nightingale: pioneer of modern nursing, innovator, nurse researcher, author, activist, consultant
today registered nurses utilize nursing process in clinical settings
- SOAPIE or ADPIE
- leads to improved practice through observation, intervention, evaluation of outcomes
early civilizations and peoples have little or no documentation about actual work of medical workers
- ex: Civil War diaries say little about care
findings through historical research, sociology, anthropology, archeology
historical research: economics or politics in regards to social, traditional, or cultural contexts of a specified period of time
- not traditions, use research, apply it to practice
1900: American Journal of Nursing
1950s: first scholarly journal, Nursing Research
historical reflection adds significance to nursing knowledge as we better define, distinguish, identify nursing's relationships concerning research, knowledge, theory, and practice ancient civilizations and their contributions to nursing (chap 2-reflections) - ANSWER-- more than 100 systems of alternative and complimentary practices (nursing theories) today are a direct result of ancient customs or beliefs
ancient Egyptian healers

scholars practiced medicine in collaboration with religion; healers promoted healthy diet
understood circulatory system; used medical instruments

Greek medicine
- Asclepius was Greek God of medicine/healing
- rod/staff and ONE snake/worm symbols of healing with greek origins (aka medical caduceus)
- they identified signs and symptoms of disease
Islamic medicine
- religion and medicine closely linked in Muslim world
- public health was important
- believed in delicate balance between mind and body
- understood pathology of contagion
- created hospitals (first hospitals in Baghdad and Cairo, but no nurses) Christianity and the meridian of time (chap 2-reflections) - ANSWER-- meridian of time
- an anointed one performed healings based on faith, hope, and belief
medieval Europe
- illness considered to be from God
- individuals relied on herbal medicine, charms, religious symbols, faith pilgrimages (Crusades w/ male nurses)
- hospitals (monks and nuns were nurses back then)
- Hippocratic principles and strategies utilized to assess overall health and four humors or temperaments (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, blood)
- as medieval period drew to close, changes over next few centuries set stage for English Puritan emigration and colonizing of US research: seeking historical information (chap 3- research and historical sources)
ANSWER-- historical research requires:
- other documents from same era/context attained to verify or substantiate consistencies or inconsistencies
- familiarity with journals, documents, books, relics, artifacts of the past
- attention to facts and details

many websites provide tutorials and support materials
curators, docents, staff, librarians
internet usage and digital technology
at SU, Nabb Center in library web-based dialogue (chap 3- research and historical sources) - ANSWER-- web developments
social networks (depends)
web sponsored catalogs and article databases
nursing specific electronic listservs, blogs, chats, message boards (eh)
google or other search engines are very valuable (lots of info, helps begin search, BUT not always correct info)
ensure accuracy and reliability of info (look for .org, .edu, .gov, never .com)
establish who is responsible for material, determine how material is managed, understand how often it is updated, know who the experts on subject are, identify what bias/agenda present (if any), confirm other sources consistent with content, locate the "real experts" timeline (chap 5 - prelude to modern American nursing (work of Florence) - ANSWER-- in 5/12/1820 FN born in Florence Italy to wealthy upper class family
nurses' week is 5/6-5/

in 1837 "called to serve" by God, starts writings
in 1845 announces to her family her intentions, resistance met
in 1850 begins nursing training in Germany
in 1854 leads 38 (or 40, no one really knows) female nurses to Barrack Hospital in Scutari, Turkey; sees deaths as preventable
in 1858 becomes member of Stats Society of London, top award
in 1860 (or 1859, no one's sure) wrote Notes on Nursing, 3 editions; opens St. Thomas Hospital nurse training school
in 1863 wrote Notes on Hospitals, advanced by 100 years, consultant to USA and CSA
in 1854-1897 she continued her writing in letters
in 1890 had wax phonograph recording made by Thomas Edison

in 8/12/1910 died in London, buried at Church of St. Margaret, East Yellow, Hampshire, near Embley Park; headstone reads "F.N." key people (chap 5 - prelude to modern American nursing (work of Florence) - ANSWER-- Fliedner organized infirmary in Germany, true beginnings of modern nurse training
Nightingale was "The Lady with the Lamp," nurse, statistician, political activist, administrator, researcher, used EBP
Seton established first religious community of women in US, known as Sisters of Charity in Maryland sociopolitical climate (chap 5 - prelude to modern American nursing (work of Florence) - ANSWER-- women expected to be homemakers
Nightingale born into privilege
- chose to pursue life in nursing despite resistance from those closest to her
- her revolutionary approaches to nursing, military healthcare reform, sanitation, nursing education, and organization of hospitals transformed healthcare the image of nursing (chap 5 - prelude to modern American nursing (work of Florence) - ANSWER-- 1840s-1860s: dark period in nursing
unfavorable public perception
Nightingale changed image of nursing by:
- Lobbying to improve overall conditions to newspapers and politicians (would tell newspaper stuff and they'd publish it and a lot of people would read it and throw fits till change was made)
- using data, statistics, evidence
- education
- publishing, writing the education of nurses (chap 5 - prelude to modern American nursing (work of Florence) - ANSWER-- 1860: Nightingale training school opened at St. Thomas's Hospital in London
- first school of its kind

graduates of Nightingale training school entered into school register as certificated nursing research (chap 5 - prelude to modern American nursing (work of Florence) - ANSWER-- skin cleanliness important
carefully wash hands very frequently
Nightingale engaged in retrospective study
- used findings to justify proposed treatment protocol and healthcare policy changes
- used statistics to provide proof
- changed care based on findings (EBP) summary FN (chap 5 - prelude to modern American nursing (work of Florence) - ANSWER-- envisioned what nursing could be and then set out to create it
betterment of nursing and healthcare
honor and respectability for nurses
highly structured education
holistic patient care
research
policy changes timeline (chapter 6 revised, Nursing in the US 1800-1859) - ANSWER-1800: whiskey used for anesthesia, nurses untrained, country doctors trained by apprenticeships (2 years of lectures, no clinical) 1812: war of 1812 1817: indian wars 1840s: ether, chloroform, stethoscopes, microscopes 1840s: Dix's mental reform movement 1846: Mexican war key people (chapter 6 revised, Nursing in the US 1800-1859) - ANSWER-Blackwell - first female physician Dix - mental health reform

Holmes - taught medicine at Harvard, taught auscultation and microscopy, taught to avoid heroic medicine and toxic medications key people (from 1861-1865; Civil War) - ANSWER-Alcott - CW nurse, wrote Hospital Sketches Blackwell - CW nursing instructor for Dix, part of US sanitary committee Dame - CW nurse, military hospital ships Mother Bickerdyke - CW nurse Cumming - CW nurse wrote Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse Dix - CW superintendent of nurses Whitman - CW nurse, wrote Wound Dresser Woolsey - CW nurse, wrote hospital days sociopolitical climate (chapter 6 revised, Nursing in the US 1800-1859) - ANSWER-- American women considered inferior in strength and intellect, superior in mortality

Dorothea Dix making reforms for mental treatment and patients
turbulent and rapidly changing times
- War of 1812, Indian Wars, Mexican War, leading up to Civil War
chaos of war, population growth, westward migration, question of slavery, question of states rights including right to succeed from the Union image of nursing (chapter 6 revised, Nursing in the US 1800-1859) - ANSWER-- early 1800s, nursing considered undesirable for respectable women
arrival of limited religious nursing orders in US, Sisters of Charity the education of nurses (chapter 6 revised, Nursing in the US 1800-1859) - ANSWER-- no formal education in US except a minimal amount for nuns
- formal education began in Germany
none for male military nurses
- were either detailed (assigned) or convalescent (healing soldier) advances in practice (chapter 6 revised, Nursing in the US 1800-1859) - ANSWER-- advancements in healthcare in early 1800s

limited resources (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- no hospitals

only 115 surgeons
medical education and experience limited
blockade of southern ports
unprepared for a long war
knowledge of the day
- very poor medical knowledge back then, just did what they thought was best pre-1861 nursing (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- military nurses were males only
- a manual of military surgery by J. J. Chisolm (1864): referred to nurses as he/him/his
civilian nurses were very few, female family members or volunteers, self taught
hospitals only for poor, homeless, transients
- few if any nurses
minimally trained nurses
- usually nuns men as nurses 1861-65 (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- convalescent or invalid soldiers
detailed
privates
ex: Pvt. Henry O. Bennum, 9th Delaware Infantry, at Fort Delaware a call for nurses (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- Fort Sumter (4/12/1861)
- no deaths
Baltimore riot (4/19/1861)
- attack on 6th Massachusetts regiment
- 4 killed, many wounded
- first person killed was a local bystander
first bull run (7/21/61)
- CS won, caused union panic
- injured walked and crawled to DC for a week
- days later wounded were collected and dumped

2000 in capital alone
no medical prep/supplies
only one field hospital (sucked too bcuz would only take care of its specific regiment) Florence Nightingale (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- British nurse in Crimean War (1854-56)

never visited US but had an indirect effect on Civil War
wrote Notes on Nursing, published in Boston and NY in 1860
consultant role to USA and CSA for architecture of hospitals Dorothea Dix (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- "I propose to organize under the auspices of the War Dept, an Army Nursing Corps made up of women volunteers"
100 trained women
must be plain and middle aged Elizabeth Blackwell (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- first nursing instructor
admitted to NY's Geneva College after long struggle
first American female physician in 1849
worked in field hospitals as a nurse
nursing instructor at request of Dix/USSC Clara Barton (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- copyist at US patent office
helped as volunteer on the top floor of her office building
collected supplies thru Mass Aid Society
self funded (made man's salary from copyist job)
worked her charm
wanted to nurse on the battlefield and did so in Antietam, Fredericksburg, Hilton Head, Wilderness, Siege of Richmond
in Andersonville she went back and identified the dead from battle and put markers up
created Office of missing men
- would investigate whereabouts of men and publicize they're missing and people would write in with info

she was jumped by a group fo white men for sitting in the wrong train car after the war on her way home
never paid by the Union Walt Whitman (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- editor, nurse, poet
his brother was wounded at Fredericksburg, went to nurse him and stayed ten more days to help others
returned to DC and volunteered at Armory Square Hospital
wrote Wound Dresser, book of poems about Civil War nursing duties (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-ventilation, warmth, light, noise control, policing, diets, drinks, baths, washing, beds, observation, injections, poultices, leeches, discipline, meds, dressing, patient rounds, dictation of orders, supervision, bed assignments, sound bells, maintain fires and lights, writing and reading letters, obtaining food, etc nurses uniforms (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-plain black, gray, or brown dress, long skirts with no hoops/bows/lace, no curls in hair, no jewelry, Pinner apron (no straps around neck) tools of the trade (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-lancet, scarificator glass cups syringe stethoscope invalid feeder scissors thermometer bandage roller medical advancement - ANSWER-- Dr. Johnathan Letterman was appointed Medical director of the army of the Potomac in 6/1862, created:
surgical review team (3 surgeons must agree before perform procedure)
most experienced surgeon operates

Autenrieth Medicine Wagon (standard meds/supplies always in same spots, ready to go)
hygiene in camps, organization of camps to prevent contamination
field hospital system (levels of care, field aid station, mobile field station, general hospitals, rehab hospitals)
ambulance system (detailed and dedicated to this job, trained personnel)
triage
supply depot (have stuff ready before need it) diseases in 1860s (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- diarrhea and dysentery (blood in stool)
- 29% fatal, 48,000 died
- treated with opium
- #1 killer in civil war
malaria
- 22% fatality
- treated with quinine
typhoid fever
- 25%
- no treatment
smallpox
- 50%
- no treatment, just vaccine
pneumonia
- 25-35%
- 2435 cases per 1000
- 53.4 deaths per 1000 smallpox (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- highly contagious, skin to skin
overcrowding, no treatment but vaccinations amputations (civil war chapter) - ANSWER-- massive tissue and bone destruction lead to amputations
most effective and fastest form of debridement

Honors 311 Midterm exam with complete solutions, Exams of Nursing

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Download Honors 311 Midterm exam with complete solutions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Honors 311 Midterm exam with

complete solutions