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GMS 6402 (Respiratory physiology) Exam
Questions with correct answers
All || |of || |the || |following || |can || |be || |measured || |via || |spirometry || |EXCEPT
- || |Tidal || |volume
- || |Vital || |capacity
- || |Functional || |residual || |capacity
- || |Inspiratory || |capacity
- || |Expiratory || |reserve || |volume || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-answer || |is || |C: || |Functional || |residual || | capacity Spirometry || |
- || |a || |way || |to || |measure || |lung || |volumes || |and || |determine || |if || |someone || |has || |sufficient || |ventilation || |or || |not
- || |accurately || |measures || |vital || |capacity || |and || |all || |values || |that || |constitute || |it
- || |cannot || |measure || |residual || |volume || |, || |or || |any || |component || |that || |contains || |RV || |- || |TLC || |and || | functional || |residual || |capacity
- || |Tidal || |volume || |is || |the || |amount || |of || |air || |inhaled/exhaled || |with || |a || |normal || |breath || |
- || |vital || |capacity || |- || |is || |the || |volume || |of || |air || |that || |is || |exhaled || |after || |maximal || |inspiration || |(~5L) || |= || | ERV || |+ || |VT || |+ || |IRV
- || |inspiratory || |capacity || |- || |is || |the || |amount || |of || |air || |that || |can || |be || |drawn || |into || |the || |lungs || |after || | normal || |expiration || |(~3L). || |Its || |the || |sum || |of || |IRV || |+ || |TV
- || |expiratory || |reserve || |volume || |- || |is || |the || |volume || |of || |air || |that || |can || |be || |expelled || |after || |normal || | tidal || |volume || |expiration Briefly || |describe || |how || |the || |radii || |of || |the || |various || |tubes || |change || |as || |we || |move || |from || |the || | trachea || |to || |the || |alveoli. || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-As || |you || |move || |down || |the || |trachea || |to || |the || | alveoli || |the || |radii || |decreases. || |The || |trachea || |is || |surrounded || |by || |thick || |layers || |of || |cartilage || |and || |
has || |a || |diameter || |of || |1.8 || |cm. || |The || |trachea || |then || |divides || |into || |bronchi || |with || |a || |smaller || | diameter || |and || |less || |cartilage || |layers. || |From || |there || |the || |bronchi || |continue || |to || |divide || |into || |smaller || |tubes || |with || |less || |cartilage || |and || |more || |smooth || |muscle || |before || |getting || |to || |the || |terminal || | bronchioles || |which || |are || |characterized || |by || |epithelial || |cell || |layering || |and || |no || |cartilage || |or || |smooth || |muscle. || |At || |the || |end || |of || |the || |respiratory || |zone || |you || |will || |find || |alveolar || |sacs || |with || |a || |diameter || | of || |0.04. What || |is || |the || |Transpulmonary || |pressure || |(PTP) || |if || |pleural || |pressure || |is || |-7 || |cm || |H2O || |and || | alveolar || |pressure || |is || |-3 || |cm || |H2O? || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-+4 || |cm || |H2O TP || |= || |Palveolar || |- || |Ppleural A || |lung || |compliance || |test || |indicates || |that || |a || | 3 || |cm || |H2O || |change || |in || |transpulmonary || |pressure || | generates || |a || |0.9 || |liter || |change || |in || |lung || |volume. || |What || |is || |this || |patient's || |lung || |compliance? || |- || | VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-0.3 || |liters || |of || |air/cm || |H2O lung || |compliance || |= || |delta || |V/delta || |P Airway || |resistance || |across || |a || |set || |of || |airways || |is || |lowest || |under || |which || |of || |the || |following || | conditions? A. || |airway || |radius || |is || |large || |and || |the || |length || |of || |the || |tube || |is || |large || | B. || |airway || |radius || |is || |large || |and || |the || |length || |of || |the || |tube || |is || |small C. || |airway || |radius || |is || |small || |and || |the || |airways || |are || |in || |series || | D. || |airway || |radius || |is || |small || |and || |the || |airways || |are || |in || |parallel E. || |airway || |radius || |is || |large || |and || |gas || |viscosity || |is || |increased || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-- || |answer || | is || |B: || |airway || |radius || |is || |large || |and || |the || |length || |of || |the || |tube || |is || |small Resistance || |= || |(viscosity || |x || |length) || |/ || |r^ As || |the || |lungs || |fill || |with || |air || |and || |we || |move || |from || |a || |low || |lung || |volume || |to || |higher || |lung || | volumes, || |airway || |resistance || |will
- || |decrease || |in || |VC || |due || |to || |increase || |RV || |
- || |FEV1/FVC || |< || |80% || |- || |air || |comes || |out || |slowly When || |at || |sea || |level || |and || |breathing || |room || |air, || |the || |partial || |pressure || |of || |O2 || |in || |inspired || |air || |is A. || | 760 || |mm || |Hg B. || | 40 || |mm || |HG C. || | 100 || |mm || |Hg D. || | 160 || |mm || |Hg E. || | 150 || |mm || |Hg || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-answer || |is || |E: || | 150 || |mm || |Hg || |- || |inspired || |O2 || | A || |is || |wrong: || |barometric || |pressure || |= || | 760 || |mm || |Hg B || |is || |wrong: || |Arterial || |CO2 || |(PaCO2) || |= || | 40 || |mm || |Hg C || |is || |wrong: || |Arterial || |O2 || |(PaO2) || |= || | 100 || |mm || |Hg D || |is || |wrong: || |atmospheric || |O2 || |= || | 160 || |mmHg A || |patient || |begins || |to || |hyperventilate || |while || |sitting || |in || |a || |clinic || |on || |Miami || |Beach || |and || |breathing || |room || |air. || |Over || |the || |ensuing || | 1 || |minute, || |his || |PACO2 || |drops || |to || | 20 || |mm || |Hg. || |What || |is || |his || | PaO2 || |at || |that || |moment || |in || |time? A. || | 150 || |mm || |Hg B. || | 125 || |mm || |Hg C. || | 100 || |mm || |Hg D. || | 75 || |mm || |Hg E. || | 50 || |mm || |Hg || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-- || |answer || |is || |B: || | 125 || |mm || |Hg Use || |the || |Alveolar || |Gas || |Equation || | P(ALV)O2 || |= || |P(INSP)O2 || |- || |(PalvCO2/0.8)
P(INS)O2 || |= || | 150 || |mmHg || |because || |(760-47) || |x || |21% || |= || | 150 || | = || | 150 || |- || |(20/0.8) || |= || | 125 || |mmHg With || |respect || |to || |the || |path || |of || |O2 || |diffusion, || |the || |proper || |order || |for || |the || |movement || |of || | oxygen || |across || |the || |pulmonary || |capillary || |membrane || |is || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-alveolar || | epithelium, || |interstitial || |space, || |capillary || |basement || |membrane, || |blood
- || |Alveolar || |fluid
- || |Alveolar || |epithelium
- || |Epithelial || |basement || |membrane
- || |Interstitial || |space
- || |Capillary || |basement || |membrane
- || |Capillary || |endothelial || |cell || |membrane
- || |Blood
- || |Red || |cell || |membrane When || |a || |gas || |in || |the || |blood || |such || |as || |oxygen || |fails || |to || |reach || |diffusion || |equilibrium || |with || |the || | alveolar || |air || |as || |it || |leaves || |the || |pulmonary || |capillary || |bed || |is || |said || |to || |be A. || |perfusion || |limited || | B. || |normoxic || | C. || |diffusion || |limited || | D. || |mixed || |perfusion || |and || |diffusion || |limited || | E. || |hyperoxic || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-answer || |is || |C: || |diffusion || |limited Diffusion || |limited || |
- || |gas || |is || |limited || |by || |blood-gas || |barrier || |
- || |does || |not || |reach || |equilibrium || |
D. || |98%
E. || |100% || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-answer || |is || |C: || |90%
- || |At || |a || |PaO2 || |= || | 100 || |mmHg, || |Hb || |is || |98% || |saturated || |with || |O
- || |At || |a || |PaO2 || |= || | 40 || |mmHg, || |Hb || |is || |75% || |saturated || |with || |O
- || |At || |a || |PaO2 || |= || | 27 || |mmHg, || |Hb || |is || |50% || |saturated || |with || |O2 || |(p50)
- || |E || |is || |wrong || |- || |cannot || |really || |increase || |that An || |arterial || |blood || |gas || |is || |ordered || |and || |the || |following || |values || |are || |obtained; || |Hb || |= || | 17 || |g/dL, || | hemoglobin || |saturation || |= || |100%, || |and || |PaO2 || |= || | 200 || |mm || |Hg. || |What || |is || |the || |content || |of || |total || | oxygen || |in || |the || |arterial || |blood || |sample? || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-23.38 || |mls || |O2/dL || |of || |blood oxygen || |content || |in || |arterial || |blood || |= || |HbO2 || |(oxyhemoglobin) || |+ || |dissolved || |(soluble) || |O2 || | = || |(Hb || |conc || |x || |carrying || |capacity || |x || |%sat) || |+ || |(0.0031 || |x || |PaO2) || | = || |(17 || |x || |1.34 || |x || |1.0) || |+ || |(0.0031 || |x || |200) || |= || |23. A || |patient's || |arterial || |blood || |gas || |indicates || |that || |her || |PaCO2 || |in || | 55 || |mm || |Hg. || |What || |can || |you || | conclude || |about || |her || |ventilation || |state? A. || |she || |is || |hypoventilating || | B. || |ventilation || |is || |normal || | C. || |she || |is || |hyperventilating || | D. || |cannot || |make || |a || |determination || |about || |ventilation || |since || |PaO2 || |is || |not || |included || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-- || |answer || |is || |A: || |she || |is || |hypoventilating PaCO2 || |is || |the || |partial || |pressure || |of || |carbon || |dioxide || |in || |the || |alveoli || |- || | 40 || |mmHg || |
- || |the || |increase || |means || |she || |is || |not || |breathing || |as || |much. || |Blood || |is || |becoming || |more || |acidic, || | hence || |increase || |in || |PaCO A || |post-operative || |patient || |is || |still || |unconscious, || |but || |is || |receiving || |supplemental || |oxygen || |via || |a || | mask || |device. || |An || |ABG || |indicates || |that || |pH || |= || |7.31, || |PaO2 || |= || | 155 || |mm || |Hg, || |PaCO2 || |= || | 82 || |mm || | Hg, || |and || |HCO3- || |= || | 26 || |mEq/L. || |Which || |of || |the || |following || |statements || |is || |FALSE? A. || |the || |patient || |is || |acidotic || | B. || |the || |HCO3- || |is || |normal C. || |the || |PaCO2 || |is || |elevated D. || |ventilation || |is || |sufficient || |given || |that || |PaO2 || |= || | 155 || |mm || |Hg || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-= || | answer || |is || |D: || |ventilation || |is || |sufficient || |given || |that || |PaO2 || |= || | 155 || |mm || |Hg
- || |normal || |HCO3 || |levels || |is || |between || | 22 || |to || | 28 || |
- || |most || |healthy || |adults || |have || |a || |PaO2 || |within || |the || |normal || |range || |of || |80-100 || |mmHg. || |If || |a || | PaO2 || |level || |is || |lower || |than || | 80 || |mmHg, || |it || |means || |that || |a || |person || |is || |not || |getting || |enough || | oxygen || |. || |A || |low || |PaO2 || |level || |can || |point || |to || |an || |underlying || |health || |condition, || |such || |as: || | emphysema. With || |respect || |to || |the || |pulmonary || |circulatory || |system, || |overall || |the || |compliance || |of || |the || |system || | is A. || |high || | B. || |intermediate || | C. || |low || | D. || |all || |of || |the || |above || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-- || |answer || |A: || |high In || |the || |case || |of || |severe || |embolism, || |over || |time || |the || |gas || |composition || |of || |the || |alveoli || |will || | become
In || |the || |case || |of || |pulmonary || |edema, || |when || |you || |get || |water || |moving || |from || |the || |vessels || |into || |the || |lungs, || |the || |alveoli || |can || |no || |longer || |ventilate. || |This || |is || |called shunting || |- || |causes || |the || |alveoli || |to || |collapse In || |late || |stage || |pulmonary || |edema, || |the || |ventilation || |to || |perfusion || |(V/Q) || |ratio || |will A. || |increase || | B. || |decrease || | C. || |stay || |the || |same || | D. || |all || |of || |the || |above || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-answer || |B: || |decrease True || |or || |false; || |in || |the || |Henderson-Hasselbalch || |equation, || |HCO3- || |is || |in || |the || |denominator. || |- || | VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-False According || |to || |the || |Henderson-Hasselbalch || |equation, || |if || |PaCO2 || |decreases || |to || | 20 || |mm || |Hg, || |then || |arterial || |pH || |will A. || |stay || |the || |same || | B. || |decrease || | C. || |increase || | D. || |all || |of || |the || |above || | E. || |none || |of || |the || |above || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-answer || |C: || |increase pH || |= || |pKa || |+ || |log || |(base)/(acid) pH || |= || |pKa || |+ || |log || |(HCO3)/(CO2) normal || |values: || |pH || |= || |6.1 || |+ || |log || |(24)/(0.03 || |x || |40) || |= || |7.
A || | 74 || |year || |old || |moderately || |dehydrated || |man || |was || |admitted || |with || |a || |two || |day || |history || |of || | acute || |severe || |diarrhea. || |ABGs || |are || |as || |follows, || |pH || |= || |7.31, || |PaCO2 || |= || | 33 || |mmHg, || |PaO2 || |= || | 98 || |mm || |Hg, || |and || |HCO3- || |= || | 16 || |mM. || |The || |most || |likely || |diagnosis || |is A. || |metabolic || |alkalosis || |with || |respiratory || |compensation || | B. || |metabolic || |acidosis || |with || |respiratory || |compensation || | C. || |metabolic || |acidosis || |without || |respiratory || |compensation || | D. || |respiratory || |acidosis || |with || |metabolic || |compensation || | E. || |respiratory || |acidosis || |without || |metabolic || |compensation || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-answer || |B: || | metabolic || |acidosis || |with || |respiratory || |compensation The || |respiratory || |center || |that || |controls || |INSPIRATION || |is || |the A. || |supine || |respiratory || |group || |(SRG) || | B. || |lateral || |respiratory || |group || |(LRG) C. || |dorsal || |respiratory || |group || |(DRG) || | D. || |ventral || |respiratory || |group || |(VRG) || | E. || |zona || |respiratory || |group || |(ZRG) || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-- || |answer || |is || |C: || |dorsal || |respiratory || | group || |(DRG) Dorsal || |Respiratory || |Group || |(DRG) || |
- || |is || |sensitive || |to || |H+ || |in || |the || |CSF
- || |connects || |to || |the || |phrenic || |nerve || |which || |then || |innervates || |the || |diaphragm || |to || |control || | breathing || |
- || |controls || |inspiration || | Ventral || |Respiratory || |Group || |(VRG) || |
- || |is || |located || |in || |the || |medulla || |
- || |mediates || |expiration || |under || |non-rest || |conditions || |
- || |contraction || |during || |exercise || |
cerebral || |arteriolar || |dilation || |allowing || |for || |increased || |blood || |flow With || |respect || |to || |anemia, || |all || |of || |the || |following || |are || |true || |EXCEPT A. || |there || |is || |a || |decreased || |hemoglobin || |concentration || | B. || |hemoglobin || |is || |~98% || |saturated || |when || |PaO2 || |is || | 100 || |mm || |Hg C. || |there || |is || |decreased || |oxygen || |content || |per || |dL || |blood || | D. || |the || |oxygen || |content || |of || |Hb || |can || |be || |increased || |via || |increasing || |PaO E. || |it || |can || |be || |treated || |via || |a || |blood || |transfusion || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-answer || |D: || |the || | oxygen || |content || |of || |Hb || |can || |be || |increased || |via || |increasing || |PaO A || | 70 || |year-old || |man || |is || |complaining || |of || |severe || |nausea. || |He || |has || |had || |problems || |with || |peptic || | ulcer || |disease || |and || |has || |been || |having || |similar || |pain || |for || |the || |past || |two || |weeks. || |Rather || |than || | seeing || |a || |physician, || |he || |opted || |to || |self || |medicate. || |Over || |the || |past || |week, || |he || |has || |been || | consuming || |large || |quantities || |of || |TUMS || |(calcium || |carbonate), || |an || |over || |the || |counter || |antacid. || | While || |breathing || |room || |air, || |an || |arterial || |blood || |sample || |is || |drawn || |and || |reveals || |the || |following: || | pH || |= || |7.48, || |PaCO2 || |= || | 49 || |mm || |Hg, || |PaO2 || |= || | 68 || |mm || |Hg, || |HCO3− || | 35 || |mEq/L, || |Na+ || |= || | 139 || | mEq/L, || |K+ || |= || | 4 || |mEq/L, || |Cl− || |= || | 96 || |mEq/L, || |and || |glucose || |= || | 387 || |mg/dL. || |The || |most || |likely || | explanation || |for || |the || |observed || |hypoxemia || |is A. || |hypoventilation || |that || |is || |secondary || |to || |a || |metabolic || |alkalosis B. || |hyperventilation || |that || |is || |secondary || |to || |calcium || |toxicity C. || |altitude-induced || |hyperventilation D. || |a || |leftward || |shift || |of || |the || |oxyhemoglobin || |curve E. || |hypoventilation || |that || |is || |secondary || |to || |diabetic || |keto-acidosis || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔- answer || |A: || |hypoventilation || |that || |is || |secondary || |to || |a || |metabolic || |alkalosis The || |vast || |majority || |of || |the || |total || |surface || |area || |of || |the || |lung || |is || |found || |in || |the a) || |trachea b) || |segmental || |bronchi
c) || |terminal || |bronchioles d) || |alveoli || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-d) || |alveoli A || |lung || |compliance || |test || |indicates || |that || |a || | 3 || |cm || |H2O || |change || |in || |trans-pulmonary || |pressure || | generates || |a || |0. liter || |change || |in || |lung || |volume. || |What || |is || |this || |patient's || |lung || |compliance? a) || |0.2 || |liters || |of || |air/cm || |H2O b) || |0.2 || |cm || |H2O/liter || |of || |air c) || |3.33 || |cm || |H2O/liter || |of || |air d) || |0.3 || |liters || |of || |air/cm || |H2O e) || |2.7 || |liters || |of || |air/cm || |H2O || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-d) || |0.3 || |liters || |of || |air/cm || |H2O With || |respect || |to || |surfactant, || |all || |of || |the || |following || |are || |true || |EXCEPT a) || |it || |is || |produced || |by || |the || |Type || |I || |epithelial || |cells b) || |it || |is || |a || |mixture || |of || |lipids, || |proteins, || |and || |ions c) || |it || |reduces || |surface || |tension || |at || |the || |air:water || |interface d) || |it || |decreases || |the || |rigid || |structure || |of || |water || |molecules e) || |it || |decreases || |the || |work || |of || |breathing || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-a) || |it || |is || |produced || |by || |the || | Type || |I || |epithelial || |cells Which || |of || |the || |following || |will || |increase || |the || |content || |of || |arterial || |oxygen? a) || |increased || |hemoglobin || |concentration b) || |decreased || |hemoglobin || |saturation c) || |decreased || |PaO d) || |decreased || |O2 || |solubility || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-a) || |increased || |hemoglobin || |concentration
e) || |respiratory || |acidosis || |without || |metabolic || |compensation || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-b) || |metabolic || |acidosis || |with || |respiratory || |compensation A || | 70 || |year-old || |man || |is || |complaining || |of || |severe || |nausea. || |He || |has || |had || |problems || |with || |peptic || | ulcer || |disease and || |has || |been || |having || |similar || |pain || |for || |the || |past || |two || |weeks. || |Rather || |than || |seeing || |a || | physician, || |he || |opted || |to || |self medicate. || |Over || |the || |past || |week, || |he || |has || |been || |consuming || |large || |quantities || |of || |TUMS || |(calcium || |carbonate), || |an over || |the || |counter || |antacid. || |While || |breathing || |room || |air, || |an || |arterial || |blood || |sample || |is || |drawn || | and || |reveals || |the following: || |pH || |= || |7.48, || |PaCO2 || |= || | 49 || |mm || |Hg, || |PaO2 || |= || | 68 || |mm || |Hg, || |HCO3− || | 35 || |mEq/L, || |Na+ || |= || | 139 || |mEq/L, || |K+ || |= || | 4 mEq/L, || |Cl− || |= || | 96 || |mEq/L, || |and || |glucose || |= || | 387 || |mg/dL. || |The || |most || |likely || |explanation || |for || |the || | observed hypoxemia || |is a) || |hypoventilation || |that || |is || |secondary || |to || |a || |metabolic || |alkalosis b) || |hyperventilation || |that || |is || |secondary || |to || |calcium || |toxicity c) || |altitude-induced || |hyperventilation d) || |a || |leftward || |shift || |of || |the || |oxyhemoglobin || |curve e) || |hypoventilation || |that || |is || |secondary || |to || |diabetic || |keto-acidosis || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-a) || | hypoventilation || |that || |is || |secondary || |to || |a || |metabolic || |alkalosis which || |of || |the || |following || |is || |a || |muscle || |that || |is || |used || |for || |expiration? A. || |sternocleidomastoid || | B. || |external || |obliques || | C. || |diaphragm || | D. || |external || |intercostals || | E. || |scalenus || |- || |VERIFIED || |ANSWER✔✔-- || |answer || |is || |B
inspiratory || |muscles || |
- || |diaphragm
- || |external || |intercostals
- || |sternocleidomastoid
- || |scalenus
- || |Parasternal || |inter || |cartilaginous || |muscle expiratory || |muscles || |
- || |internal || |intercostals
- || |Abdominal || |muscles
- || |Rectus || |abdominus
- || |External || |oblique- || |Internal || |Oblique
- || |Transverse || |abdominus
